{{stub}}{{CoalSwarm}}The '''Port of Buenaventura''' is Colombia's main port on the Pacific Ocean. It is managed by the [[Sociedad Portuaria Regional de Benaventura SA]]. The port is located on Cascajal Island where the Dagua River meets Buenaventura Bay. In 2007 the port handled 2.9 million tons of solid bulk cargoes, inclduing 519,000 tons of coal.<ref>[http://bit.ly/MwY2PU "Port of Sociedad Portuaria Regional de Buenaventura"], World Port Source, accessed May 2012</ref>

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==Articles and resources==
===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch articles===
*[[Colombia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External resources===
* http://www.lbhcolombia.com/cargoes_ports

===External links===

[[category:Colombia]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Colombia]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indiacoal}}
'''Panjim (Panaji) Port''' is a port located in Goa state, India.<ref>[http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/IND_Port_of_Panaji_3761.php "Port of Panaji,"] World Port Source, accessed May 2012</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[India and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in India]]

{{CoalSwarm}}
'''Owensboro Gateway Terminal''' is a coal terminal operated by [[Kinder Morgan Energy Partners]] (formerly Massey Coal Terminal) located in Maceo, Kentucky. Ther terminal services barges on the Ohio River as well as [[CSX]] railroad shipments.<ref>[http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/terminals/lower_river/r_Owensboro.pdf '''Owensboro Gateway Terminal'''], Kinder Morgan, accessed May 2012.</ref>

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==Articles and resources==
===Related SourceWatch articles===
*[[Kentucky and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===External resources===

===External articles===

[[Category:United States]][[Category: Kentucky]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in the United States]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}

'''Tuban coal terminal''' is a coal loading facility located in West Java, Indonesia. The terminal has a capacity of approximately 2 million tonnes per year<ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesian Coal Ports 2009,"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}

'''Suralaya coal terminal''' is a coal loading facility located in West Java, Indonesia. The terminal has a capacity of 28,000 to 35,000 tonnes per day, or approximately 11 million tonnes per year<ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesian Coal Ports 2009,"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}
'''Tembilahan, Sungai Bankong''' is an Indonesian coal terminal located off the eastern coast of Sumatra.<ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesian Coal Ports 2009,"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012</ref>


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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}

'''Tanjung Jati Coal Terminal''' is a coal loading facility located in Central Java, Indonesia.<ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesian Coal Ports 2009,"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}

'''Tanjung Batu - Tarakan''' is a coal loading facility located in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.<ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesian Coal Ports 2009,"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}

'''Tanjung Pemancingan anchorage''' is a coal loading facility located in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.<ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesian Coal Ports 2009,"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}

'''Satui anchorage''' is a coal loading facility located in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.<Ref>[http://www.indosetia.4t.com/indo_coal.html "Indo Coal"] Indo Coal accessed September 14, 2011.</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}
'''Samarinda anchorage''' is an open sea coal loading anchorage located off the short of East Kalimantan in Indonesia.

The facility is capable of 8,000 to 10,000 million tonnes per day by ship's gear or 15,000 to 20,000 million tones per day by floating crane.<Ref>[http://www.indosetia.4t.com/indo_coal.html "Indo Coal"] Indo Coal accessed September 14, 2011.</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]
{{wikipedia}}

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}

'''Paiton coal terminal''' is a coal terminal on the island of Java, Indonesia. It has a discharge rate of 10,000 - 12,000 million tonnes per day, or approximately 4 million tonnes per year.<ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesia Coal Ports (2009),"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012.</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}

'''Jambi, Muara Sabak coal terminal''' is an offshore anchorage for coal exports from Sumatra, Indonesia. It has a capacity of 3 million megatonnes.<ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesia Coal Ports (2009),"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012.</ref>

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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[Indonesia and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:Indonesia]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indonesiacoal}}
'''Padang, Teluk Bayur''' a coal terminal in Indonesia located in Sumatra. <ref>[http://indonesiaassociate.com/list-of-indonesia-coal-ports-2009.html "List of Indonesia Coal Ports 2009,"] Indonesia Associate, accessed May 2012</ref>


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==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[India and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Resources===
* [http://www.indosetia.4t.com/indo_coal.html "Indo Coal"] Indo Coal
* [http://www.bayan.com "Ports and Shipping"] PT Bayan Resources

[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Indonesia and coal]]

'''Scott Walker Budget''':

The Budget Repair Bill that Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker introduced in February 2011 effectively took almost all collective bargaining rights away from state, county and municipal workers. "The proposal prompted national attention and months of protests at the Capitol before it was approved by the Legislature and signed by Walker."<ref>[http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/on-topic/article_6b640cf6-771f-11e0-b779-001cc4c002e0.html State employee 'depreciation' day declared],"The Capital Times. May 5, 2011"</ref> A circuit court judge temporarily blocked its implementation, but the state's supreme court upheld the law.<ref>National Legal and Policy Center. [http://nlpc.org/stories/2011/06/21/wisconsin-supreme-court-upholds-collective-bargaining-curbs Wisconsin Supreme Court Upholds Collective Bargaining Curbs]. Organization's website. September 13, 2011.</ref> The budget was signed in June. Walker says his budget will help confront a projected $3.6 billion deficit the state has acquired.

Below is a list of the cuts being made in Wisconsin and how they will affect the average citizen:

==Cuts to Education==

Governor Walker's budget makes $900 million worth of cuts in K-12 school aid over the next two years. This will continue to move the state further from its former commitment to cover two-thirds of the costs of public schools. Of 24 states studied by the Washington-based think tank Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Wisconsin had the largest reductions in state aid per student this school year because of this budget.<ref> The Capital Times. [http://host.madison.com/news/local/education/blog/article_f4f6e008-d848-11e0-a158-001cc4c03286.html#ixzz1Xs3V3yCx Wisconsin's cuts to school aid steepest of 24 states studied]. News website. September 6, 2011. </ref>

[[File:Edu Graph.gif]]

Higher Education will also be affected. "University tuition is expected to increase by 5.5 percent each year for the UW System, and
20% or more over the biennium for UW Madison."<ref>[http://www.wccf.org/ Wisconsin Council on Children and Families]</ref>

*The budget lifts the cap on the number of students who can participate in the Milwaukee School Choice program.<ref>[http://www.wuwm.com/programs/news/view_news.php?articleid=7962 Local School Districts Affected by Governor's Proposed Budget Cuts],"WUWM: Milwaukee Public Radio. March 2, 2011."</ref>
*It ends state funding for Advanced Placement courses and "science, technology, engineering and mathematics programs.”<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/scott-walkers-war-on-equa_b_830239.html Scott Walker's War on Equality],"The Huffington Post. March 2, 2011"</ref>
*Walker's budget mandates a 5.5 percent cut in per-pupil local education spending. That comes out to approximately $550 per pupil. No district will be permitted to maintain its current level of property tax-based funding for education or be able to increase that tax to offset state cuts. The exact dollar amount would also be greater for higher-revenue districts and lower for low-revenue districts.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/scott-walkers-war-on-equa_b_830239.html Scott Walker's War on Equality],"The Huffington Post. March 2, 2011"</ref>
*The bill increases the amount of money spent on Milwaukee's private school voucher system by making more city students eligible for the program.<ref>[http://www.wuwm.com/programs/news/view_news.php?articleid=7962 Local School Districts Affected by Governor's Proposed Budget Cuts],"WUWM: Milwaukee Public Radio. March 2, 2011."</ref>
*The budget transfers UW-Madison into a quasi-public authority, facing deep cuts in state funding. This could also later happen to UW-Milwaukee.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/scott-walkers-war-on-equa_b_830239.html Scott Walker's War on Equality],"The Huffington Post. March 2, 2011"</ref>
*Other public universities face an 11 percent budget cuts and get none of the cost-saving tools UW-Madison would get by splitting from the UW System.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/scott-walkers-war-on-equa_b_830239.html Scott Walker's War on Equality],"The Huffington Post. March 2, 2011"</ref>

==Cuts to workers' rights==

Under Governor Walker’s new budget repair bill, unions and state workers will see some of the biggest restrictions and cuts. [http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_3d93e6aa-363a-11e0-8493-001cc4c002e0.html The Wisconsin ''State Journal''] reported that:

*The bill requires most public workers to pay half of their pension costs. This factors out to about 5.8 percent of state workers’ pay and 12 percent of their health care costs. This does not apply to police, firefighters and state troopers.
*Raises will be limited to inflation and contracts would be limited to one year. Wages would be frozen until a new contract is settled.
*Non-law enforcement unions will loose their bargaining rights over everything but wages.
*Collective bargaining units are required to take annual votes to maintain certification as a union. Employers would be prohibited from collecting union dues, and members of collective bargaining units would not be required to pay dues. Changes would be effective upon expiration of existing contracts.
*It also authorizes appointing agencies to terminate any employees who are absent for three days without approval or any employees participating in an organized action to stop or slow work if the governor has declared a state of emergency.

==Local governments==

[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel] reported that the Budget Bill will cause cities and counties across Wisconsin will see their aid cut by $96 million, or nearly 12 percent on average, over the next two years.

*The bill would freeze property taxes for local governments, allowing them to increase only for the construction of new homes or buildings.<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html Walker's budget cuts would touch most Wisconsinites],Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. March 1, 2011</ref>
* Local governments will no longer be required to operate recycling programs and will no longer get state subsidies for these programs.<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html Walker's budget cuts would touch most Wisconsinites],"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. March 1, 2011."</ref>
* It also reduces their payments to maintain local roads by 10 percent.<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html Walker's budget cuts would touch most Wisconsinites],"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. March 1, 2011."</ref>
* The bill requires local governments that don't have civil-service systems to create an employee grievance system within months. Those local civil-service systems would have to address grievances for employee termination, employee discipline and workplace safety.<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html Walker's budget cuts would touch most Wisconsinites],"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. March 1, 2011."</ref>

===Tax Cuts and the Economy===

<br>Walker has approved over $100 million in tax cuts over the next two years. This is on top of $140 billion already granted to corporations in three bills Walker signed in his first month of office in January.<ref>[http://www.fox6now.com/news/politics/witi-20110131-walker-tax-bill,0,6398564.story Governor Scott Walker signs tax cut bill ],"FOX 6 Now.com. January 31, 2011."</ref>

*Investors will be provided with lower state taxes on capital gains for investing in Wisconsin businesses.<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html Walker's budget cuts would touch most Wisconsinites],"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. March 1, 2011."</ref>
*It gives multistate corporations a larger window in using losses to offset their tax liability. That would lower taxes by $46 million over two years.<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html Walker's budget cuts would touch most Wisconsinites],"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. March 1, 2011."</ref>
*Provides $196 million for the Wisconsin Economic Development Corp., the partly private entity that is replacing the state Department of Commerce.<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html Walker's budget cuts would touch most Wisconsinites],"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. March 1, 2011."</ref>
*Companies that relocate to Wisconsin won't have to pay income taxes for two years.
*Eliminates state income taxes on contributions made to health savings accounts.<ref>[http://www.fox6now.com/news/politics/witi-20110131-walker-tax-bill,0,6398564.story Governor Scott Walker signs tax cut bill ],"FOX 6 Now.com. January 31, 2011."</ref>
*Ending inflation adjustment costs for low-income households under the Homestead Tax Credit that will result in a $8 million cut. "The Homestead Credit provides targeted property tax relief for about 250,000 low-income households, including both owners and renters. The Governor proposes repealing the annual adjustments, which will cut the credits by $2 million in tax year 2011 and $6 million in 2012. The cuts will average about $8 per recipient in tax year 2011 and $24 the next year. Those amounts will grow steadily in future years."<ref>[http://www.wccf.org/ Wisconsin Council on Children and Families]</ref>

===Environment===

<br>[http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/environment/article_380a8186-4db8-11e0-889a-001cc4c03286.html The Wisconsin State Journal] reported that "the former head of the Division of Water in the state Department of Natural Resources said rollbacks of clean water regulations in Gov. Scott Walker’s proposed budget could put the state in violation of federal laws. Walker has proposed reducing standards for phosphorus which were set in a rule passed by the Natural Resources Board last year. His budget also includes a plan to eliminate municipal stormwater standards that regulate pollutants running off streets, parking lots and other urban surfaces."

*Eliminates rolling back regulations to control phosphorus pollution in line with neighboring states' rules.<ref>[http://www.postcrescent.com/article/20110314/APC0101/103140561/Story-photos-video-Group-says-budget-hurt-union-environment?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|FRONTPAGE Fox Valley Sierra Group stresses Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's budget will hurt labor and environment at Neenah rally],"Postcrescent.com. Mar. 14, 2011."</ref>
*Eliminates payments to local governments that lose property tax revenues following DNR land stewardship purchases.<ref>[http://www.postcrescent.com/article/20110314/APC0101/103140561/Story-photos-video-Group-says-budget-hurt-union-environment?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|FRONTPAGE Fox Valley Sierra Group stresses Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's budget will hurt labor and environment at Neenah rally],"Postcrescent.com. Mar. 14, 2011."</ref>
*It lowers funding to the Department of Natural Resources by nearly 16 percent.<ref>[http://www.thomhartmann.com/users/telliottmbamsc/blog/2011/03/walkers-budget-assualt-environment Walker's Budget an Assualt on Environment],"Thom Hartman Program. March 4, 2011."</ref>
*Lowers support for local transit by 10 percent.<ref>[http://www.thomhartmann.com/users/telliottmbamsc/blog/2011/03/walkers-budget-assualt-environment Walker's Budget an Assualt on Environment],"Thom Hartman Program. March 4, 2011."</ref>

==Resources==

===PRWatch Articles===

* Brendan Fischer, [http://www.prwatch.org/node/9946 Wisconsin Governor Walks on Workers], ''PRWatch.org'', February 16, 2011

===External Resources===

* [http://www.scottwalker.org/about/biography Meet Scott Walker], biography
* [http://www.prwatch.org/node/9958 The Koch Connection in Scott Walker's War on Working People], blog, PRWatch.org, February 18, 2011
* [http://www.wccf.org/ Wisconsin Council on Children and Families]
* [http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117154428.html Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Budget Coverage]

===References===
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Politics (U.S.)]]

{{#badges:stub}}
==Biographical Information==
"Eileen Crist received her Bachelor's degree from Haverford College in sociology in 1982 and her doctoral degree from Boston University in 1994, also in sociology, with a specialization in life sciences and society. Her early research focused on animal behavior science and the ways scientists conceptualize, or avoid conceptualizing, the question of animal mind. Her interest in this topic was driven by the conviction that western discourses, heavily influenced by anthropocentric doctrines, have underestimated the real depths of animal awareness. She continues to hold an active interest in this topic, while increasingly devoting her energies to the foremost crisis of our time: the destruction of the Earth's biological diversity and wild places. This irreversible, far-reaching loss has not received sufficient attention in academic and public arenas, with so many people staying myopically focused on the economy, energy issues, ! ! ! depletion of resources, technological fixes, sociopolitical strife, and other strictly-human concerns.

"She has been teaching at Virginia Tech in the Department of Science and Technology in Society since 1997, where she is advisor for the undergraduate program Humanities, Science, and Environment. She is author of Images of Animals: Anthropomorphism and Animal Mind and coeditor of Gaia in Turmoil: Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis. She is also author of numerous academic papers and contributor to the late journal [[Wild Earth]]. She lives in Blacksburg, Virginia with her husband [[Rob Patzig]]."<ref>Eileen Crist [http://www.sts.vt.edu/faculty/crist/ Bio], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

==Affiliations==
*Member, [[Alliance for Wild Ethics]] <ref>Alliance for Wild Ethics [http://www.wildethics.org/memberslist.xml Members], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

==BOOKS AND EDITED VOLUMES==
*2010 Gaia in Turmoil: Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis. First editor. Co-edited with [[H. Bruce Rinker]], Cambridge: MIT Press.
*2004 Scientists on Gaia: The New Century. Co-edited with [[Steve Schneider]], [[Jim Miller]], and [[Penelope Boston]], Cambridge: MIT Press.
*2000 Images of Animals: Anthropomorphism and Animal Mind. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 245pp.

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united States]]

"The Alliance for Wild Ethics (AWE) is a consortium of individuals and organizations working to ease the spreading devastation of the animate earth through a rapid transformation of culture. We employ the arts, often in tandem with the natural sciences, to provoke deeply felt shifts in the human experience of nature. Motivated by a love for the more-than-human collective of life, and for human life as an integral part of that wider collective, we work to revitalize local, face-to-face community – and to integrate our communities perceptually, practically, and imaginatively into the earthly bioregions that surround and support them. " <ref>Alliance for Wild Ethics [http://www.wildethics.org/the_alliance.html About], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

==Founding members==
Accessed May 2012: <ref>Alliance for Wild Ethics [http://www.wildethics.org/memberslist.xml Members], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

*[[David Abram]]
*[[Stephan Harding]]
*[[Per Espen Stoknes]]
*[[Per Ingvar Haukeland]]

==Other members==
Accessed May 2012: <ref>Alliance for Wild Ethics [http://www.wildethics.org/memberslist.xml Members], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

''Organizations:''
*[[Acoustic Ecology Institute]]
*[[Animas Valley Institute]]
*[[Ashes and Snow]]
*[[Biomimicry Institute]]
*[[Building Living Neighborhoods]]
*[[Center for Biological Diversity]]
*[[Circle of Stories]]
*[[Community environmental Legal Defense Fund]]
*[[Cultural Conservancy]]
*[[Ecotrust]]
*[[Institute for Inquiry]]
*[[Nature Institute]]
*[[Orion]]
*[[Renewing America's Food Traditions]]
*[[Resurgence]]
*[[Salmon Nation]]
*[[Schumacher College]]
*[[Slow Food International]]
*[[Tamalpa Institute]]
*[[Terralingua]]
*[[Walking Stick Foundation]]
*[[White Earth Land Recovery Project]]
*[[Wilderness Awareness School]]

''Individuals:''
*[[John Luther Adams]], composer
*[[Marc Bekoff]], animal ethologist
*[[Robert Bringhurst]], poet and essayist
*[[Matthew Chase-Daniel]], artist
*[[Eileen Crist]], philosopher of science
*[[Patrick Curry]], writer
*[[Daniel Dancer]], artist
*[[Jane Goodall]], primatologist
*[[Jay Griffiths]], author
*[[Joy Harjo]], poet
*[[Doak Heyser]]
*[[James Hillman]], psychologist
*[[Freeman House]], author and activist
*[[Tom Jay]], artist
*[[Sean Kane]], author
*[[Brad Keeney]], anthropologist and author
*[[James Howard Kunstler]], curmudgeon
*[[Sigmund Kvaloy]]
*[[Bill McKibben]], author and activist
*[[Margot McLean]], artist
*[[Gary Nabhan]], author and activist
*[[Arne Naess]], philosopher
*[[Richard Nelson]], cultural ecologist, author, sound recordist
*[[Richard Powers]], novelist
*[[Pattiann Rogers]], poet
*[[Deborah Bird Rose]], cultural ecologist
*[[David Rothenberg]], musician and author
*[[Gary Snyder]], poet
*[[Brian Swimme]], cosmologist
*[[Maya Ward]], performance artist
*[[Rex Weyler]], author
*[[Terry Tempest Williams]], author and activist

==Contact==

Web: http://www.wildethics.org/

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>
[[category:environment]]

{{#badges:stub}}
==Biographical Information==
"David Abram – cultural ecologist, philosopher, and performance artist – is the founder and creative director of the Alliance for Wild Ethics. He is the author of ''The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World'' (Pantheon/Vintage), for which he received the international [[Lannan]] Literary Award for Nonfiction. An accomplished storyteller and sleight-of-hand magician who has lived and traded magic with indigenous sorcerers in Indonesia, Nepal, and the Americas, David lectures and teaches widely on several continents. His essays on the cultural causes and consequences of ecological disarray have appeared often in such journals as [[Orion]], Parabola, Environmental Ethics, [[Tikkun]], Wild Earth, [[Resurgence]], and [[The Ecologist]], as well as in numerous edited anthologies. David’s work engages the ecological depths of the imagination, exploring the ways in which sensory perception, poetics, and wonder inform our relation with the animate earth. Named by the [[Utne Reader]] as one of a hundred visionaries currently transforming the world, he has been recipient of numerous honors and fellowships. David’s is also profiled in the recent book Visionaries: the 20th Century’s 100 Most Inspirational Leaders (Chelsea Green Press, 2007).

"In recent years the New England Aquarium and the Orion Society sponsored a public debate between David Abram and distinguished biologist [[Edward O. Wilson]], at Faneuil Hall in Boston, on the topic of science, ethics, and the future of environmentalism. In the summer of 2005 David was invited to deliver the keynote address for the United Nations “World Environment Week” in San Francisco, to 70 mayors from the largest cities around the world. "<ref>Alliance for Wild Ethics [http://www.wildethics.org/david_abram.html David Abram], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

==Affiliations==
*Founding Member, [[Alliance for Wild Ethics]]
*Fellow, [[Lindisfarne Association ]]

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===
*[[Derrick Jensen ]]
===References===
<references/>

[[category:united States]]

'''Shurat HaDin''' (Israel Law Center) is an Israeli NGO specializing in [[lawfare]], i.e., using court -- especially in the US -- to harass critics/opponents of Israel.

Philip Giraldi, a former CIA officer, summarizes Shurat HaDin's activities:
:Recently, Shurat HaDin has been threatening to use litigation on American university campuses. Its website explains that “the Law Center, through its American office, has begun to monitor the rampant anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism in colleges and universities. It has informed the presidents of academic institutions that their schools could face civil and criminal liability for tolerating ‘an environment of intimidation and hostility’ that fails to protect Jewish and Israeli students against anti-Semitic harassment."<br>Shurat HaDin, though an Israeli nongovernmental organization, is particularly active in the United States, exploiting the fact that American courts have proven willing to hear lawsuits directed against any terrorist group anywhere in the world even if no U.S. citizens are involved based on the principle that terrorism is an international crime. Existing terrorism legislation in the U.S. making it illegal to provide “material support” to any group designated as terrorist is itself lawfare, using deliberately vague language to justify nearly anything if a terrorist group is in any way involved or can plausibly be implicated. The law itself provides an elastic framework for litigation. Shurat HaDin’s intention is to silence any and all criticism of Israel, and, to do so, it works assiduously to connect governments and organizations to proscribed terrorist entities so they can be sued for damages. The intention is to use the legal weapon to tie up opponents. Many of the Shurat HaDin charges have proven to be frivolous, but those who are sued have to waste time and resources defending themselves, which is precisely what is intended.<br>For example, in January 2012, Shurat HaDin warned the landlord of the Palestine Liberation Organization in Washington and the Verizon telephone company that providing premises and services to the PLO was illegal and could lead to criminal prosecution. More recently, in April, Shurat HaDin advised the Israeli government that the so-called flytilla activists who intended to “fly-in” to Israel for a nonviolent protest should be arrested and prosecuted "to deter participants ... from taking part in future ‘flytillas.’” This is precisely what the Israeli government subsequently did.<ref>Philip Giraldi, [http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2012/05/23/terrorizing-through-lawfare/ Terrorizing Through Lawfare], AntiWar, 24 May 2012.</ref>

==Principals==
*[[Nitsana Darshan-Leitner]] &ndash; Director <ref>Israel Law Center: About Us: [http://www.israellawcenter.org/page.asp?id=282&show=reports profile], Accessed: 24 May 2012.</ref>
==Contact==
:Website: [http://www.israellawcenter.org/ www.israellawcenter.org]
==References==
<references/>

"Formed in 1998, the Golden Buddha Centre's charitable Objects are: To establish, equip and manage a nonsectarian and ecological Buddhist centre or centres to advance the study and practice of Buddhism and living a Buddhist way of life within the Five Buddhist Precepts. A place or places which, in addition, provide for the spiritual and material needs of elderly, infirm, or sick Buddhists and their helpers."<ref>Golden Buddha Centre [http://www.goldenbuddha.org/AboutUs About], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

==People==
Accessed May 2012: <ref>Golden Buddha Centre [http://www.goldenbuddha.org/AboutUs About], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

*Trustees: [[Diana St Ruth]] and [[Richard St Ruth]], [[Sir John Aske]].
*Patrons: [[Ajahn Sumedho]], [[Amaravati Buddhist Monastery]], [[Jisu Sunim]], [[DaeHungSa]], [[Geshe Tashi Tsering]], [[Jamyang Buddhist Centre]]

==Contact==

Web: http://www.goldenbuddha.org

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]] [[category:buddhist]]

{{#badges:stub}}
==Biographical Information==
"Diana St Ruth has been a practising Buddhist since the early sixties. She was a member of the [[Sharpham North Buddhist Community]] from 1989-1993. She is the co-director of the [[Buddhist Publishing Group]], edits the magazine, [[Buddhism Now]], and is the author of several books, including Experience Beyond Thinking: A Guide to Buddhist Meditation (1993, BPG) and Karma, Reincarnation, and Rebirth, (2002, Thorsons). She is a trustee of the newly formed [[Golden Buddha Centre]] in Devon. Her main practice has been within the Zen and Theravada traditions, though she takes a keen interest in all forms of Buddhism."<ref>BBC [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/biographies.shtml Bios], organizational web page, accessed May 24, 2012.</ref>

In 2007 she wrote a series of 4 articles on Buddhism for the ''[[New Statesman]]''. [http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/diana_st_ruth]

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-fracking}} As defined by the EPA, an '''injection well''' is a device that places fluid deep underground into porous rock formations, such as sandstone or limestone, or into or below the shallow soil layer. These fluids may be water, wastewater, brine (salt water), or water mixed with chemicals.<ref name=epa>[http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/basicinformation.cfm "Basic Information about Injection Wells,"] EPA, accessed May 2012.</ref>

Injection wells have a range of uses that include [[carbon capture and storage|CO2 storage]], waste disposal, enhancing oil production, mining, and preventing salt water intrusion. Widespread use of injection wells began in the 1930s to dispose of brine generated during oil production. In the 1950s, chemical companies began injecting industrial wastes into deep wells. By the 1990s, injection wells were used to dispose of [[fracking wastewater]]. They are also planned for [[carbon capture and storage]].<ref name=epa/>

==Regulations==
In 1974, Congress passed the [[Safe Drinking Water Act]] (SDWA). Part of SDWA required EPA to report back to Congress on waste disposal practices, and develop minimum federal requirements for injection practices that protect public health by preventing injection wells from contaminating underground sources of drinking water.<ref name=epa/>

All injection must be authorized under either general rules or specific permits under the underground injection control (UIC) program. Injection well owners and operators may not site, construct, operate, maintain, convert, plug, abandon, or conduct any other injection activity that endangers an underground source of drinking water (USDW). The purpose of the UIC requirements is to:<ref name=epa/>
* Ensure that injected fluids stay within the well and the intended injection zone, or
* Mandate that fluids that are directly or indirectly injected into a USDW do not cause a public water system to violate drinking water standards or otherwise adversely affect public health.

Under the program, the EPA groups underground injection wells into five classes, with each class subject to distinct requirements and standards. Deep wells that inject hazardous wastes or carbon dioxide (CO2) into isolated formations far below the Earth's surface are required to have multiple layers of protective casing and cement. Shallow wells that inject into or above drinking water sources are usually of simple construction and inject non-hazardous fluids.<ref name=epa/>

===Fracking process===
Congress provided for exclusions to the EPA's UIC authority (SDWA § 1421(d)) to regulate hydraulic fracturing, with the most recent language added via the Energy Policy Act of 2005:<ref name=fracked>[http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class2/hydraulicfracturing/wells_hydroreg.cfm "Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing Under the Safe Drinking Water Act,"] EPA, accessed May 2012.</ref>

:"The term 'underground injection' –
:(A) means the subsurface emplacement of fluids by well injection; and
:(B) excludes –
:(i) the underground injection of natural gas for purposes of storage; and
:(ii) the underground injection of fluids or propping agents (other than diesel fuels) pursuant to hydraulic fracturing operations related to oil, gas, or geothermal production activities."

While the SDWA specifically excludes hydraulic fracturing from UIC regulation under SDWA § 1421 (d)(1), the use of diesel fuel during hydraulic fracturing is regulated by the UIC program; any service company that performs hydraulic fracturing using diesel fuel must receive prior authorization. State oil and gas agencies may have additional regulations for hydraulic fracturing.<ref name=fracked/>

===Fracking wastewater===
Because of a regulatory determination by the EPA not to classify shale gas wastewater as “hazardous”, it is not required to be injected into Class I wells for hazardous waste, and is therefore often injected into Class II wells, which are subject to less stringent requirements than Class I hazardous waste wells. Either states or the federal EPA can take primacy in overseeing the program, but state programs must meet minimum federal UIC requirements to gain primacy.<ref name=nrdc>Rebecca Hammer, Jeanne VanBriesen, and Larry Levine, [http://www.nrdc.org/energy/fracking-wastewater.asp "In Fracking's Wake: New Rules are Needed to Protect Our Health and Environment from Contaminated Wastewater,"] Natural Resources Defense Council, May 2012 report.</ref>

As of May 2012, the EPA [http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/wells.cfm lists] over 150,000 Class II wells in its inventory.

==Resources==
===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch articles===
* [[Fracking]]
* [[Fracking and water consumption]]
* [[United States and fracking]]

===External Articles===
* Lena Groeger, [http://www.propublica.org/special/what-the-frack-is-in-that-water "What the Frack is in That Water?"] ProPublica, accessed May 2012.

===External links===
* [http://FracTracker.org FracTracker]
* [http://www.depreportingservices.state.pa.us/ReportServer/Pages/ReportViewer.aspx?/Oil_Gas/OG_Compliance Oil and Gas Management Compliance,] Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Office of Oil and Gas Management interactive database
* [http://www.sierraclub.org/naturalgas/rulemaking/ FRAC: Fracking Regulatory Action Center,] Sierra Club
* [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=209825270514233970353.0004899ff5c6ef5ddf104&source=embed&ll=40.663973%2C-77.805176&spn=5.832868%2C10.437012&z=6 Fraccidents Map]
* [http://motherjones.com/environment/2012/04/history-of-natural-gas-fracking Timeline: How We Learned to Love—and Hate—Natural Gas,] Mother Jones, 2012.

[[category: fracking]]

{{stub}}
'''Neil Kedzie''' is a Republican State Senator representing Wisconsin's 11th District.

==Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council==
Kedzie is a member of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC).

{{about ALEC}}

{{stub}}
[[Michael Ellis]] is a Republican state Senator from Wisconsin's 19th Assembly District as of 2012.

==Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council==
Ellis is a member of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC).

{{about ALEC}}

{{stub}}
'''Jeffrey Stone''' is a Republican state Assembly Representative from Wisconsin's 82nd Assembly District as of 2012.

==Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council==
Erik Severson is a member of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC).

{{about ALEC}}

{{stub}}
'''Keith Ripp''' is a Republican member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Assembly District 47.

==Ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council==
Rivard is a member of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC).

{{about ALEC}}

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-fracking}} Fracking is known to cause very slight tremors when the fluid is injected into shale rock under high pressure. Drilling companies often send sensitive instruments called geophones into the drill holes to analyze the tiny tremors because they indicate whether the rock is fracturing as expected.<ref name=hf>Henry Fountain, [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/science/some-blame-hydraulic-fracturing-for-earthquake-epidemic.html?pagewanted=all "http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/science/some-blame-hydraulic-fracturing-for-earthquake-epidemic.html?pagewanted=all "Add Quakes to Rumblings Over Gas Rush,"] NY Times, December 12, 2011.</ref>

Quakes reported in Ohio and Arkansas in 2011 and 2012 were associated with wastewater wells (not fracking wells). The water first used in fracturing rock is retrieved and pumped into the waste wells. At more than 9,000 feet deep, the water is under high pressure that can build up over months or years; this pressure can create earthquakes.<ref>Terrence Henry, [http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2012/01/05/what-you-need-to-know-about-earthquakes-and-fracking/ "What You Need to Know About Earthquakes and Fracking,"] NPR State Impact, January 5, 2012.</ref>

The 2011 earthquakes near UK's Blackpool were later linked to the hydraulic fracturing process itself. The quakes were thought to be caused the same way that quakes could be set off from disposal wells — by migration of the fluid into rock formations below the shale. Seismologists say that these deeper, older rocks, collectively referred to as the "basement," are littered with faults that, although under stress, have reached equilibrium over hundreds of millions of years.<ref name=hf/>

==Regulations==
Regulations for disposal wells (such as wells used for injecting fracking wastewater) are designed around protecting aquifers, not seismic risk. The federal Environmental Protection Agency, which regulates oil- and gas-related disposal wells unless its cedes its authority to the states, has no seismic requirements for its disposal wells. Drilling and disposal companies do not usually know where faults in deeper, older rocks beneath shale (the "basement") exist, as seismic surveys are costly, and states do not require them for oil or gas wells (although larger companies routinely conduct seismic tests as part of exploration).<ref>Henry Fountain, [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/science/some-blame-hydraulic-fracturing-for-earthquake-epidemic.html?pagewanted=all "http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/science/some-blame-hydraulic-fracturing-for-earthquake-epidemic.html?pagewanted=all "Add Quakes to Rumblings Over Gas Rush,"] NY Times, December 12, 2011.</ref>

==Recent cases==
===UK===
On April 1 and May 27, 2011, two earthquakes with magnitudes 2.3 ML and 1.5 ML were detected in the Blackpool area in North West England. The seismic activity was immediately suspected to be linked to hydraulic fracture injections at the Preese Hall well, which was later confirmed by a study carried out by the operator, UK's Cuadrilla Resources. Cuadrilla concluded that the activity was caused by fluid injection into an adjacent fault zone during fracking.<ref>Paul Ervine, [http://www.shepwedd.co.uk/knowledge/?a=4764 "Update: Shale gas fracturing in the UK,"] Energy & Natural Resources, May 17, 2012.</ref>

In May 2011, Cuadrilla was forced to halt operations, leading to a temporary ban on fracking.<ref>Stan Scobie, Binghamton, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/17/britain-shale-cuadrilla-idUSL6E8FH5GQ20120417 "Shale gas fracking gets green light in Britain,"] Reuters, Apr 17, 2012.</ref>

In April 2012, a UK government report recommended UK exploration of shale gas. The experts published the 2012 findings after reviewing a series of post-earthquake studies published by Cuadrilla Resources. The 2012 expert report suggested tighter rules on seismic monitoring and drilling surveys.<ref>Stan Scobie, Binghamton, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/17/britain-shale-cuadrilla-idUSL6E8FH5GQ20120417 "Shale gas fracking gets green light in Britain,"] Reuters, Apr 17, 2012.</ref>

===Ohio===
[[File:FracTrackerOhio.jpg|thumb|right|upright=2.25|FracTracker analyzes earthquake patterns]]
In January 2012, Ohio regulators asked [[D&L Energy]], a company that carries out fracking near Youngstown, to stop re-injecting waste water from hydraulic fracturing while an investigation was opened up into the cause of 12 earthquakes in the area (including a 4.0-magnitude quake on New Year’s Eve)--an area not considered seismically active. The site is at the bottom of a 9,200-foot-deep injection disposal well. Geological experts say the reinjected brine water could find its way into subterranean faults and force parts of the planet to separate, causing tremors.<ref>[http://rt.com/usa/news/fracking-ohio-quake-earth-165/ "Confirmed: Fracking caused Ohio earthquakes"] RT, January 3, 2012.</ref> The earthquakes started in March 2011, about the same period that the major injection activities started.<ref>Eric Niiler, [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45903873/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/geologists-say-ohio-quakes-directly-tied-fracking/#.Tyb41yOZNpw "Geologists say Ohio quakes directly tied to fracking"] MSNBC, Jan. 6, 2012.</ref>

On March 9, 2012, Ohio oil and gas regulators issued a [http://ohiodnr.com/downloads/northstar/UICReport.pdf preliminary report] “on the relationship between the Northstar 1 Class II disposal well and 12 Youngstown area earthquakes.” The report found "a number of co-occurring circumstances strongly indicating the Youngstown area earthquakes were induced." In response, Ohio regulators said new safeguards would be added to Ohio’s existing disposal well regulatory framework, including prohibiting any new wells to be drilled into the Precambrian basement rock formation; mandating that operators submit extensive geological data before drilling; and implementing state-of-the-art pressure and volume monitoring devices including automatic shut-off switches and electronic data recorders.<ref>[http://www.ohiodnr.com/home_page/NewsReleases/tabid/18276/EntryId/2711/Ohios-New-Rules-for-Brine-Disposal-Among-Nations-Toughest.aspx "ODNR Releases Preliminary Report on Youngstown Area Seismic Activity,"] ODNR, March 9, 2012.</ref>

===Oklahoma===
Oklahoma has seen a sharp rise in the number of earthquakes in the last few years. In August 2011, the Oklahoma Geological Survey examined a cluster of earthquakes in Oklahoma and found "that shortly after hydraulic fracturing began small earthquakes started occurring, and more than 50 were identified, of which 43 were large enough to be located. Most of these earthquakes occurred within a 24 hour period after hydraulic fracturing operations had ceased."<ref>Austin Holland, [http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/openfile/OF1_2011.pdf "Examination of Possibly Induced Seismicity from Hydraulic Fracturing in the Eola Field, Garvin County, Oklahoma,"] Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2011.</ref>

On April 18, 2012, University of Memphis scientist Stephen Horton released his findings that a 5.6 quake in November 2011 that knocked down chimneys and headstones 44 miles east of Oklahoma City was "possibly triggered" by injection wells near the fault that ruptured. He did note that the correlation between the location of the quake centers and the wells was complicated by the fact that some of the nearby injection wells had been in operation for 10 years, and the amount of fluid being injected has reportedly been on the decline for the last five years. However, Horton found that 63 percent of earthquakes have occurred within 10 kilometers (about 6 miles) of a deep injection well, compared to a 31 percent chance of a random, natural earthquake happening within 10 kilometers of a deep injection well.<ref>Mike Soraghan, "EARTHQUAKES: Drilling waste disposal risks another damaging Okla. quake, scientist warns," E&E reporter, April 19, 2012.</ref>

===Arkansas===
In Arkansas, shortly after [[fracking wastewater]] disposal wells were sunk in the state, that portion of the state was shaken by hundreds of quakes, the largest of which reached magnitude 4.7. The State Oil and Gas Commission was concerned enough about a probable link between disposal wells and the earthquakes that in July 2011 it ordered that one well be shut down, and it placed a moratorium on new ones in an 1,100-square-mile area. Three other disposal wells closed voluntarily. While small earthquakes are still occurring in the area, their frequency has declined substantially.<ref>Henry Fountain, [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/science/some-blame-hydraulic-fracturing-for-earthquake-epidemic.html?pagewanted=all "http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/science/some-blame-hydraulic-fracturing-for-earthquake-epidemic.html?pagewanted=all "Add Quakes to Rumblings Over Gas Rush,"] NY Times, December 12, 2011.</ref>

An article in ''Science'' later explained that "data from the seismometer network... painted a detailed picture of exactly how the injected wastewater triggered the [Arkansas] quakes. It was injected into an aquifer 3 kilometers down, where it increased the pressure of groundwater in the rock’s pores and fractures. From there the increased pressure due to injection spread through a previously unknown buried fault into the underlying rock, triggering quakes on the fault as it went."<ref>Richard Kerr, "Learning How to NOT Make Your Own Earthquakes: As fluid injections into Earth’s crust trigger quakes across the United States, researchers are scrambling to learn how to avoid making more," ''Science,'' Volume 335, May 23, 2012.</ref>

==Earlier cases==
===1963: Baldwin Hills Reservoir===
On December 14, 1963, water burst through the foundation and earth dam of the Baldwin Hills Reservoir, a hilltop water storage facility located in metropolitan Los Angeles. The contents of the reservoir, some 250 million gallons of treated water that had filled the 20-acre basin to a depth of 70 feet, emptied within hours onto the communities below the Baldwin Hills, inundating a square mile of residences with mud and debris, and damaging or destroying 277 homes. Geologists say the disaster occurred as a result of displacement along faults in the unconsolidated sediments that underlie the reservoir, cracking the floor lining. On the day after the failure, it was apparent that major offset had occurred along what was to become known as the "Reservoir fault," the west side of the fault having moved relatively downward with respect to the east side.<ref name=dh>Hamilton, DH; Meehan, RL, "Ground Rupture in the Baldwin Hills, ''Science'' 172 (3981): 333–344. doi:10.1126/science.172.3981.333. PMID 17756033. (23 April 1971).</ref>

Following the discovery in 1970 by geologist Douglas Hamilton of faulting and surface seepage of oilfield waste brines along the fault which traversed the reservoir, Hamilton and co-author Richard Meehan concluded in a 1971 article published in ''Science'' that oilfield injection for waste disposal and improved/enhanced recovery of oil, a new technology at the time, was a significant cause of the failure, triggering movements on a fault traversing the reservoir even on the day of the failure.<ref name=dh/> The California Department of Conservation (DOC) has referred to hydraulic fracturing as a form of enhanced oil recovery.<ref>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CHAQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.ewg.org%2Freports%2F2012%2Ffracking%2Fca_fracking%2FDOGGR_2010_fact_sheet_1.pdf&ei=ZgS9T5rhDoaTiAKs0t3DDQ&usg=AFQjCNFzbe-mCfYXyXlXxjw5PPKR9NDnjw&sig2=hAPRcXbu1vZJSs7dBc8EcA "Fact sheet: Hydraulic Fracturing,"] Department of Conservation Fact Sheet, accessed May 2012.</ref>

===1967: Rocky Mountain Arsenal===
The [[Rocky Mountain Arsenal]] was a United States chemical weapons manufacturing center located in the Denver Metropolitan Area in Commerce City, Colorado. The site was operated by the United States Army throughout the later 20th century and was controversial among local residents until its closure in 1992.

RMA contained a deep injection water well that was constructed in 1961.<ref name="well">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rma.army.mil/cleanup/facts/deep-wel.html|title=Deep Injection Well Fact Sheet|publisher=Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Remediation Venture Office (RVO)|accessdate=21 August 2009}}</ref> It was drilled to a depth of 12,045 feet (3671 m). The well was cased and sealed to a depth of 11,975 feet (3650 m), with the remaining 70 feet (21 m) left as an open hole for the injection of [[Basin F]] liquids. For testing purposes, the well was injected with approximately 568,000 US gallons (2150 m³) of city water prior to injecting any waste. The Army said the injected fluids had very little potential for reaching the surface or usable groundwater supply since the injection point had 11,900 feet (3630 m) of rock above it and was sealed at the opening. The Army discontinued use of the well in February 1966 after a series of earthquakes in the area.<ref name="well" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/colorado/history.php|title=USGS Colorado Earthquake History|accessdate=21 August 2009}}</ref> According to the USGS, "In 1967, an earthquake of magnitude 5.5 followed a series of smaller earthquakes. Injection had been discontinued at the site in the previous year once the link between the fluid injection and the earlier series of earthquakes was established.”<ref>John Daly, [http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/U.S.-Government-Confirms-Link-Between-Earthquakes-And-Hydraulic-Fracturing.html "U.S. Government Confirms Link Between Earthquakes and Hydraulic Fracturing,"] Oil Drum, July 8, 2011.</ref> The well remained unused until 1985 when the Army permanently sealed the disposal well.

==Recent studies==
* USGS, [http://www2.seismosoc.org/FMPro?-db=Abstract_Submission_12&-sortfield=PresDay&-sortorder=ascending&-sortfield=Special+Session+Name+Calc&-sortorder=ascending&-sortfield=PresTimeSort&-sortorder=ascending&-op=gt&PresStatus=0&-lop=and&-token.1=ShowSession&-token.2=ShowHeading&-recid=224&-format=%2Fmeetings%2F2012%2Fabstracts%2Fsessionabstractdetail.html&-lay=MtgList&-find '''Are Seismicity Rate Changes in the Midcontinent Natural or Manmade?'''] USGS, 2012. - The USGS study found that a "remarkable increase in the rate of M 3 and greater earthquakes is currently in progress in the US midcontinent" and "the acceleration in activity that began in 2009 appears to involve a combination of source regions of oil and gas production, including the Guy, Arkansas region, and in central and southern Oklahoma." The study concludes: "While the seismicity rate changes described here are almost certainly manmade, it remains to be determined how they are related to either changes in extraction methodologies or the rate of oil and gas production."
* Ohio Department of Natural Resources, [http://ohiodnr.com/downloads/northstar/UICReport.pdf '''Preliminary Report on the Northstar 1 Class II Injection Well and the Seismic Events in the Youngstown, Ohio, Area,'''] March 2012. - Found "a number of co-occurring circumstances strongly indicating the Youngstown area earthquakes were induced." There were 134 earthquakes in the region in 2011 measuring 3.0 or higher on the Richter scale – six times the average annual rate for any given year in the 20th century.
* Austin Holland, [http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/openfile/OF1_2011.pdf '''Examination of Possibly Induced Seismicity from Hydraulic Fracturing in the Eola Field, Garvin County, Oklahoma,'''] Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2011. - Examined a cluster of earthquakes in Oklahoma and found "that shortly after hydraulic fracturing began small earthquakes started occurring, and more than 50 were identified, of which 43 were large enough to be located. Most of these earthquakes occurred within a 24 hour period after hydraulic fracturing operations had ceased."

===Magnitude===
A 2011 study by geologist Arthur McGarr at the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, calculated the possible maximum intensity of tremors from injecting fluid deep underground. Apart from fracking, such activities include the disposal of fracking fluids into disposal wells, as well as geothermal-power generation and carbon dioxide sequestration. McGarr and his team studied seven cases of quakes induced by fluid injection; the researchers found a proportional relationship between the volume of fluid injected and the magnitude of the earthquake. “If you inject about 10,000 cubic metres, then the maximum sized earthquake would be about a magnitude 3.3,” said McGarr. The work does not give the probability of an earthquake actually occurring: that depends on other factors, such as the strength and permeability of the rock.<ref>Zoë Corbyn, [http://www.nature.com/news/method-predicts-size-of-fracking-earthquakes-1.9608 "Method predicts size of fracking earthquakes: Scientists develop way to forecast worst-case tremor scenario,"] Nature, December 9, 2011.</ref>

==Resources==
===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch articles===
* [[Fracking]]
* [[Fracking and water consumption]]
* [[United States and fracking]]

===External Articles===

===External links===
* [http://FracTracker.org FracTracker]
* [http://www.depreportingservices.state.pa.us/ReportServer/Pages/ReportViewer.aspx?/Oil_Gas/OG_Compliance Oil and Gas Management Compliance,] Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Office of Oil and Gas Management interactive database
* [http://www.sierraclub.org/naturalgas/rulemaking/ FRAC: Fracking Regulatory Action Center,] Sierra Club
* [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=209825270514233970353.0004899ff5c6ef5ddf104&source=embed&ll=40.663973%2C-77.805176&spn=5.832868%2C10.437012&z=6 Fraccidents Map]
* [http://motherjones.com/environment/2012/04/history-of-natural-gas-fracking Timeline: How We Learned to Love—and Hate—Natural Gas,] Mother Jones, 2012.

[[category: fracking]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-fracking}} '''The Rocky Mountain Arsenal''' was a United States chemical weapons manufacturing center located in the Denver Metropolitan Area in Commerce City, Colorado. The site was operated by the United States Army throughout the later 20th century and was controversial among local residents until its closure in 1992.

==Deep Injection Well==
RMA contained a deep injection water well that was constructed in 1961.<ref name="well">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rma.army.mil/cleanup/facts/deep-wel.html|title=Deep Injection Well Fact Sheet|publisher=Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Remediation Venture Office (RVO)|accessdate=21 August 2009}}</ref> It was drilled to a depth of 12,045 feet (3671 m). The well was cased and sealed to a depth of 11,975 feet (3650 m), with the remaining 70 feet (21 m) left as an open hole for the injection of [[Basin F]] liquids. For testing purposes, the well was injected with approximately 568,000 US gallons (2150 m³) of city water prior to injecting any waste. The Army said the injected fluids had very little potential for reaching the surface or usable groundwater supply since the injection point had 11,900 feet (3630 m) of rock above it and was sealed at the opening. The Army discontinued use of the well in February 1966 after a series of earthquakes in the area.<ref name="well" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/colorado/history.php|title=USGS Colorado Earthquake History|accessdate=21 August 2009}}</ref> According to the USGS, "In 1967, an earthquake of magnitude 5.5 followed a series of smaller earthquakes. Injection had been discontinued at the site in the previous year once the link between the fluid injection and the earlier series of earthquakes was established.”<ref>John Daly, [http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/U.S.-Government-Confirms-Link-Between-Earthquakes-And-Hydraulic-Fracturing.html "U.S. Government Confirms Link Between Earthquakes and Hydraulic Fracturing,"] Oil Drum, July 8, 2011.</ref> The well remained unused until 1985 when the Army permanently sealed the disposal well.

==Resources==
===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch articles===
* [[Colorado and fracking]]
* [[United States and fracking]]

Click on the map below for state-by-state information on fracking:

<us_map redirect="{state} and fracking"></us_map>

===External links===
* [http://FracTracker.org FracTracker]
* [http://www.oxy.com/OurBusinesses/OilAndGas/UnitedStates/Pages/CalShales.aspx California Shales,] Oxy Website.

[[category: fracking]]
{{stub}}{{wikipedia}}

Maverick PAC is comprised of what the group terms "next-generation" Republicans fronted by [[George P. Bush]]. They target young Republicans under the age of 45 who "commit their time, talents, and money to promote conservative principles of personal and fiscal responsibility in public service, and they have had an impressive impact in leadership capacities for many local, state, and federal races." <ref>Aaron Deslatte, [http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/news_politics/2011/08/gutierrez-bayliss-back-with-new-maverick-pac.html Gutierrez, Bayliss, back with new Maverick PAC], ''Orlando Sun Sentinel'', August, 15 2011</ref>

They do not fund primary races. They work around general elections. The group is also split into regional sub-chapters in Florida, California, Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas.

==Board==

[[George P. Bush]] - National Co-Chair

[[Jay Zeidman]] - National Co-Chair

[[Pasha Moore]] - Executive Director

[[Murray Van Eman]] - Treasurer

[[Walker Moody]] - Chairman, Campaign for MavPAC

[[Malachi O. Boyuls]] - Chairman, Candidates Selection Committee

[[John Athon]] - Vice Chariman, Candidates Selection Committee

[[Paul Dickerson]] -General Counsel


==PAC Recipients==

There is only a limited history of their giving:[http://www.opensecrets.org/usearch/index.php?q=Maverick+Pac&searchButt_clean.x=0&searchButt_clean.y=0&searchButt_clean=Submit&cx=010677907462955562473%3Anlldkv0jvam&cof=FORID%3A11]

* Maverick PAC to [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] (R) in 2012
* Maverick PAC - Oklahoma to [[Dan Boren]] (D) in 2010
* Maverick PAC - Oklahoma to [[Frank D. Lucas]] (R) in 2010
* Maverick PAC - Oklahoma to [[John Sullivan]] (R) in 2010

The group itself lists old-school heavy hitters and old-guard-friendly candidates on their 2012 list: [http://www.maverickpac.com/candidate-support/]

* Speaker [[John Boehner]] (R-OH)
* Senator [[Scott Brown]] (R-MA)
* Congressman [[Quico Canseco]] (R-TX)
* Congressman [[Eric Cantor]] (R-VA)
* Senator [[John Cornyn]] (R-TX)
* Congressman [[Tom Graves]] (R-GA)
* The Honorable [[Josh Mandel]], candidate for US Senate, Ohio
* Congressman [[Michael McCaul]] (R-TX)
* Congressman [[Aaron Schock]] (R-IL)
* Senator [[John Thune]] (R-SD)
* The Honorable [[Heather Wilson]], candidate for US Senate, New Mexico

==News==

[http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/news_politics/2011/08/gutierrez-bayliss-back-with-new-maverick-pac.html Gutierrez, Bayliss, back with new Maverick PAC] - Orlando Sun Sentinel, 8/2011

==Website==

[http://www.maverickpac.com/ MaverickPAC.com]

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

'''Westbank Natural Health Centre'''

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===
*[[Community of Interbeing UK]]
*[[Bruce MacManaway]]
*[[Patricia MacManaway ]]
*[[John MacManaway ]]

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

"The Community of Interbeing UK is a registered charity and company, whose aims are to promote the teaching and practice of [[Thich Nhat Hanh]] and to assist local groups with this aim. " <ref>Community of Interbeing UK [http://interbeing.org.uk/about/trustees/ Trustees], organizational web page, accessed May 23, 2012.</ref>

==Board of Trustees==
Accessed May 2012: <ref>Community of Interbeing UK [http://interbeing.org.uk/about/trustees/ Trustees], organizational web page, accessed May 23, 2012.</ref>

*[[Katherine Bodley]] (Sheffield)
*[[Andrew Coleman]] (London)
*[[Dene Donalds]] (Manchester)
*[[Ann Irving]] (Northampton)
*[[Denise Osborne]] (Suffolk) : 01284 764503
*[[Anna Webster]] (Bristol)
*[[Edward Humphreys]] (Suffolk)
*[[Jacqui Schweitzer]] (Surrey)

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===
*[[Buddhapath]]
*"The Poppy Seed Sangha practices Mindfulness as taught by Zen Buddhist teacher Thich Nhat Hanh every Thursday evening at [[Westbank Natural Health Centre]], Strathmiglo, Fife." [http://interbeing.org.uk/groups/poppy-seed-sangha-fife/]

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

{{#badges:stub}}
==Biographical Information==
'''PATRICIA MacManaway''' (died in 2010) "was a gifted healer who, together with her husband [[Bruce MacManaway]], set up and ran the [[West Bank Healing Centre]] in Strathmiglo, Fife in 1959. This became a hub of learning, meditation and all-round nurturing which, over the decades, attracted hundreds of students. The practice is carried on now by [[John MacManaway]], eldest son of Bruce and Patricia... In the 1960s, Bruce and Patricia were given a cottage on Iona, where they were already much-loved regular visitors, and thereafter, family holidays continued to take them there. Just last summer, such an excursion was the highlight of Patricia's year.

"For several weeks after Bruce died – in 1988 – Patricia took groups of friends to Iona for weeks of meditation, walks and conviviality. I only got to know her in the mid-1990s, when, in spited of her being diagnosed with Parkinson's, she was still teaching yoga, as she had for nearly 30 years. But though she was exceptionally good at friendship, her chief job was in her family – her three sons, and three grandsons were joined in the last decade by her first granddaughter.

"Patricia's youngest son, Patrick, has been president of the [[British Society of Dowsers]], and runs a successful practice so the work Bruce and Patricia started at West Bank carries on and spreads even wider, through the family and via the many people they have trained, influenced and encouraged." <ref>scotsman.com [http://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-patricia-macmanaway-1-813962 Patricia MacManaway], organizational web page, accessed May 23, 2012.</ref>

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

[[Patrick MacManaway]] writes that: "My father, Major Bruce MacManaway, felt the call of healing in 1939 aged nineteen whilst involved in rearguard combat outside Dunkirk. No soft tones of new-age music or pastel colours were involved in his early practice - as an infantry officer he had two pressing tasks to concern him - how to confront a division of Panzer tanks without artillery and how to attend to wounded and dismembered soldiers without recourse to any medical facility.

"In the heat of battle he discovered the profound human miracle of laying-on-hands, and spent the rest of his life serving the healing spirit that had inspired and guided him.

"For twenty years his healing practice was quiet and private. Healing outside of Christian ministry was not widely sanctioned. The Witchcraft Act was still in effect at the end of the war. In 1959 he felt the call to go public and open a healing centre. Pursuing this against all economic reason and public opinion, he trusted the spirit that guided him and The [[Westbank Healing and Teaching Centre]] in Strathmiglo, Scotland, blossomed and flourished as an international venue for healing practice, teaching, discussion and conference." <ref>geomancy.org [http://www.geomancy.org/e-zine/2000/autumn/emergent-practice/index.html On the Emergent Practice of Geomancy, and the Need for Clearly Defined Ethics], organizational web page, accessed May 23, 2012.</ref>

He was married to [[Patricia MacManaway ]].

==Books==
*Bruce MacManaway and [[Johanna Turcan]], ''[http://www.pagan-heart.co.uk/articles/macman/index.html Healing: A straightforward look into all aspects of the healing phenomenon]'' (Thorsons, 1983). Foreword by [[Ludovic Kennedy]]. In the acknowledgements for this book he writes: "Many people, by and through whom my awareness has been expanded, include [[Louisa Ashdown]], whose remarkable gifts I have never seen equalled, far less excelled, [[Grace Cooke]], [[Harry Edwards]], [[Sir George Trevelyan]], [[Pir Vilayat Khan]], [[Rimpoche Chögyam Trungpa]], Father [[Andrew Glasewski]] and the Rev. Dr [[Kenneth Cumming]]. Through them, my attention was drawn beyond allopathic medicine into what is becoming known as complementary medicine, and similarly beyond Christian teachings towards those of other religions and philosophies."

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

"The first President of the SPR was Henry Sidgwick, Professor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge University, who had enormous standing and moral authority in the intellectual circles of the day. Apart from a prodigious amount of work, he contributed “the weight which his known intelligence and integrity gave to the serious study of the subject” (quoted from Broad’s obituary after Haynes, p. 176). His chief associates in the early stages were Frederic Myers, a classical scholar but also a man of lively and wide-ranging interests, and the brilliant Edmund Gurney, the main author of what is now the classic of psychical research, Phantasms of the Living.

"Among the early members were also such prominent figures as the physicist William Barrett; the experimental physicist Lord Rayleigh; Arthur Balfour, philosopher and Prime Minister in the years 1902-1905; Gerald Balfour, classical scholar and philosopher; and Eleanor Sidgwick, one of the Balfour clan and wife of Henry Sidgwick, herself a mathematician and later Principal of Newnham College at Cambridge."<ref>Society for Psychical Research [http://www.spr.ac.uk/main/page/history-society-psychical-research-parapsychology History], organizational web page, accessed May 23 2012.</ref>

==Contact==

Web: http://www.spr.ac.uk

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===
*[[Nancy L. Zingrone]]
*[[C. Maxwell Cade ]]

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

'''Dr David Lewis''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_%28psychologist%29 wiki] "Chartered Psychologist is founder and Director of Research at the independent research consultancy [[Mindlab International]], a best selling author, an award winning broadcaster and an international lecturer. Dubbed the ‘father of [[neuromarketing]]’ for his pioneering studies of analysing brain activity for research and commercial purposes..." <ref>David Lewis [http://www.drdavidlewis.co.uk/index.html About], organizational web page, accessed May 23, 2012.</ref>

In the early 1980’s David created a modified version of the Mind Mirror which was originally developed for neurofeedback by [[Geoffrey Blundell]] and [[Maxwell Cade]].

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

{{#badges:stub}}
==Biographical Information==
'''Geoffrey Blundell''' (died in 2003) "developed the cordless radio microphone, now widely used in television news and film making; he also worked with Maxwell Cade to develop a machine he called the Mind Mirror, which they used to measure the brain patterns of Eastern swamis and gurus...

"He was educated at Ratcliffe College, near Leicester, where he made crystal sets for boys in his dormitory. After leaving school aged 17, he moved to London and became a design engineer at EMI, working with John Logie Baird on the development of television sets... In the early 1970s, he was invited by a friend to join him at a course in "biofeedback" - the electronic monitoring of physiological responses to "altered state" mental processes such as meditation. [[Maxwell Cade]], a former government physicist, and his wife Isabel were running the classes in central London.

"Blundell became intrigued and suggested to Cade that he could design improved monitoring devices for his research. He went on to produce a series of instruments, including, in the mid-1970s, the "Mind Mirror", a portable EEG machine that could monitor the alpha, beta, delta and theta rhythms from each brain hemisphere simultaneously. The machine, which attracted considerable media interest, showed that students meditating or in deep relaxation produced interesting combinations of brain-wave patterns as both brain hemispheres synchronised, and the students found that their creativity in the waking state was enhanced.

"When eastern gurus such as [[Swami Prakashanand]] showed interest in the work and agreed to have their brain rhythms measured, the team found patterns they had not seen before. Blundell and Cade concluded that the swamis' spiritual training conferred unusual powers of healing and perception. One Tibetan master, after being wired to the Mind Mirror, was heard to observe: "Yes, it reads mind." Blundell became involved in the biofeedback courses that Cade ran as part of the [[Wrekin Trust]]'s weekend summer courses in the 1970s and 1980s, and as a regular participant at conferences of the [[Scientific and Medical Network]] and the annual [[Festival for Mind and Body]] in London, where visitors could try the machines at Audio's biofeedback stand.

"Blundell himself became interested in eastern mysticism. He once had an audience with the Beatles' guru, [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], though he admitted: "All I could remember afterwards was the pink froth emanating from his lips." From 1975 he followed the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism and became a member of the [[UK DzogChen]] community led by [[Choygal Namkhai Norbu]].

"In 1988, Blundell and his second wife [[Helen Stapleton]] travelled in a 90-strong "caravan" that made an arduous six-week pilgrimage to Mount Kailash, a sacred site in Western Tibet." <ref>telegraph.co.uk [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1421560/Geoffrey-Blundell.html Geoffrey Blundell], organizational web page, accessed May 23, 2012.</ref>

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

{{#badges:stub}}
==Biographical Information==
'''C. Maxwell Cade''' [http://www.mindmirroreeg.com/w/maxCade/McRegonition.htm Bio Information] "was a British government physicist who revolutionized radar and extended his understanding of light and sound into the field of mind research. A master hypnotist, Zen meditation master and co-founder of the [[British Society for Psychical Research]], the metaphysically-inclined Cade recognized that all things including the brain and body are composed of the frequencies of light. With the help of electronics engineer [[Geoffrey Blundell]] (see his book, The Meaning of EEG), Cade invented a unique, composite frequency analyzer, the Mind Mirror, that enabled him to explore and map consciousness." <ref>Amazon [http://www.amazon.com/The-awakened-mind-Biofeedback-development/dp/0440002443 C. Maxwell Cade], organizational web page, accessed May 23, 2012.</ref>

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===
*[[Penny Brohn Cancer Care ]]
*[[Nona Coxhead]] - coauthor
*[[David Lewis ]]

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-fracking}} The nearest gas-bearing layers of [[Marcellus Shale]] are well north and west of watersheds that provide northern Delaware’s drinking water, yet in 2012 it was discovered that wastewater from [[fracking]] was entering the state's rivers. The state is involved in issues over fracking wastewater regulation through the inter-state Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC).<ref>Jeff Montgomery, [http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120519/NEWS/305190063/Debate-seeps-into-Del-?gcheck=1&nclick_check=1 "Debate seeps into Delaware: Fracking discovery stirs concern,"] The News Journal, May 20, 2012.</ref>

==Water regualtions==
The Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) was created by Congress in 1961 to provide shared management and oversight of water use and water quality in the watersheds intersecting Delaware, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In 2010, DRBC put a hold on new gas well projects and barred basin wastewater plants from treating castoff frack water, pending development of regulations. 2012 outlooks call for 2,200 or more drilling pads, taking up 12,000 acres of the watershed and sending out 18,000 or more horizontal wells, each needing 5 million gallons of water just to develop and producing 18 billion gallons of wastewater over a 10- to 20-year period.

In November 2011, Delaware Gov. Jack Markell announced his intention to vote against draft fracking well and water-quality regulations that, if approved, would have cleared the way for drilling inside the 13,000-square-mile Delaware watershed. None of the [[Marcellus Shale]] runs under Delaware, but Markell cited concerns about protections for groundwater, surface water, drinking water and aquatic life and ecosystems. The announcement prompted the DRBC to table the fracking regulations rather than face a split vote or deadlock among the four state governors. That impasse has in turn left eastern Pennsylvania and New York drillers in limbo and triggered attacks on Markell and Delaware by fracking supporters.<ref>Jeff Montgomery, [http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120519/NEWS/305190063/Debate-seeps-into-Del-?gcheck=1&nclick_check=1 "Debate seeps into Delaware: Fracking discovery stirs concern,"] The News Journal, May 20, 2012.</ref>

===Discovery of fracking wastewater===
In 2009 and 2010, about 1.4 million gallons of partially treated wastewater collected from hydraulic fracturing wells outside the Delaware River basin were further processed and flushed into Delaware waters through the commercial side of [[DuPont]]’s wastewater plant in Deepwater, New Jersey, near the foot of the Delaware Memorial Bridge. Delaware regulators only learned when contacted by ''The News Journal'' in May 2012 that the drilling wastewater passed through DuPont’s plant for treatment, exiting from a discharge pipe under the river on Delaware’s side of the state line.

In response, DuPont official Rick Straitman said that Deepwater received gas well wastewater for treatment only after it was mixed with other, partially treated liquid wastes shipped in by a hazardous-materials handler north of Philadelphia. Straitman added that DuPont discontinued its industrial treatment-for-hire business in Deepwater on March 30, 2012, and now operates the plant only for [[Chambers Works]] chemical plant wastes. He referred questions about pretreatment and mingling of gas wastes with other liquids to the Pennsylvania company, [[PSC Industrial Services]], but also said that DuPont “has made no business decisions” about future treatment of hydraulic fracturing wastewater.<ref>Jeff Montgomery, [http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120519/NEWS/305190063/Debate-seeps-into-Del-?gcheck=1&nclick_check=1 "Debate seeps into Delaware: Fracking discovery stirs concern,"] The News Journal, May 20, 2012.</ref>

==Resources==
===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch articles===
* [[United States and fracking]]

Click on the map below for state-by-state information on fracking:

<us_map redirect="{state} and fracking"></us_map>

===External links===
* [http://FracTracker.org FracTracker]

[[category: fracking]]
{{stub}}

"Our aim is to create futures for land and buildings that are socially responsible, environmentally sustainable and thoughtfully designed. " <ref>Under the Sky [http://www.underthesky.org.uk/aims.html Aims], organizational web page, accessed May 22, 2012.</ref>

==Board==
Accessed May 2012: <ref>Under the Sky [http://www.underthesky.org.uk/who.html Who], organizational web page, accessed May 22, 2012.</ref>

*[[John Pontin]] OBE - Chairman
*[[Ian Cawley]] - Director
*[[Herbert Girardet]] - Director
*[[David Johnstone]] - Director
*[[Richard Silverman]] OBE - Director

==Contact==

Web: http://www.underthesky.org.uk

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]] [[category:environment]]

==Books==
*[http://www.haymarketbooks.org/pb/Kivalina '''Kivalina: A Climate Change Story,"] (Haymarket Books, 2011)

==Articles==
===Kivalina===
*[http://www.climatestorytellers.org/stories/christine-shearer-kivalina-v-exxonmobil/ '''My journey into Kivalina v. ExxonMobil et al.,'''] Climate Storytellers, December 1, 2010.
*[http://www.350.org/en/node/27602 '''The communities we are already losing to climate change in Alaska,'''] 350.org, July 19, 2011.
*[http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/elist/eListRead/rising_seas_corporate_greed_and_the_plight_of_an_alaskan_village '''Rising Seas, Corporate Greed, and the Plight of an Alaskan Village,'''] Earth Island Journal, July 19, 2011.
*[http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/07/21/275552/alaska-climate-adaptation/ '''Relocating Alaska Natives: The Climate is Changing Faster Than Disaster Management and Adaptation Policies,'''] Climate Progress, July 21, 2011.
*[http://www.greatenergychallengeblog.com/2011/11/09/alaska-storm-kivalina-climate-change/ '''Alaska Storm Bears Down on Village That Spearheaded Climate Change Battle,'''] National Geographic, November 9, 2011.
*[http://truth-out.org/news/item/2187-kivalina-a-climate-change-story '''Kivalina: A Climate Change Story (Excerpt),'''] Truthout, May 20, 2012.

===Climate change science===
*[http://cchronicle.com/2010/08/james-hansens-storms-of-my-grandchildren/ '''James Hansen’s Storms of my Grandchildren,'''] Conducive Chronicle, August 25, 2010.
*with Richard Rood, [http://www.earthzine.org/2011/04/17/changing-the-media-discussion-on-climate-and-extreme-weather/ '''Changing the Media Discussion on Climate and Extreme Weather,'''] Earthzine, April 17th, 2011.
*[http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/02/07/420141/meteorologist-masters-climate-new-state-rare-unprecedented-weather-events/ '''Meteorologist Masters: The Climate Has Shifted to a New State Capable of Delivering Rare & Unprecedented Weather Events,'''] Climate Progress, Feb 7, 2012.

===Climate change denial===
*[http://archive.truthout.org/climate-change-isnt-just-about-energy-its-about-national-priorities57681 '''Climate Change Isn't Just About Energy, It's About National Priorities,'''] Truthout, March 15, 2010.
*[http://www.alternet.org/story/146465/states_sue_epa_over_a_misquote%3A_the_fight_over_climate_change_gets_more_ridiculous/ '''States Sue EPA Over a Misquote: The Fight Over Climate Change Gets More Ridiculous,'''] Alternet, April 14, 2010.
*[http://www.alternet.org/story/151011/living_in_denial%3A_why_even_people_who_believe_in_climate_change_do_nothing_about_it/ '''Living in Denial: Why Even People Who Acknowledge Climate Change Do Nothing About It,'''] Alternet, May 19, 2011.
*[http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1614:merchants-of-doubt-a-review '''"Merchants of Doubt": A Review,'''] Truthout, June 13, 2011.
*[http://www.alternet.org/environment/153637/will_fossil_fuel_companies_face_liability_for_climate_change '''Will Fossil Fuel Companies Face Liability for Climate Change?'''] Alternet, January 2, 2012.

===Coal===
*[http://www.alternet.org/story/145865/%27climate_hope%27%3A_how_a_new_rebellion_against_coal_is_fueling_the_drive_for_clean_energy/ ''''Climate Hope': How a New Rebellion Against Coal Is Fueling the Drive for Clean Energy,'''] Alternet, March 2, 2010.
*with Kate Hoshour, [http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=342:energy-at-what-cost-protests-against-forced-eviction-from-usbacked-coal-mine-continue-in-bangladesh '''Energy at What Cost? Protests Against Forced Eviction from US-Backed Coal Mine Continue in Bangladesh,'''] Truthout, April 8, 2011.
*with Bob Burton, Cynthia Ong, Jamie Henn, John Hepburn, Joshua Frank, Justin Guay, Kate Hoshour, and Mark Wakeham, [http://grist.org/coal/2011-05-27-down-with-coal-the-grassroots-anti-coal-movement-goes-global/ '''Down with coal! The grassroots anti-coal movement goes global,'''] Grist, May 28, 2011.
*[http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3640:coal-race-and-health-the-chicago-clean-power-ordinance '''Coal, Race and Health: The Chicago Clean Power Ordinance,'''] Truthout, September 28, 2011.

===Oil/Gas===
*[http://archive.truthout.org/confessions-a-former-oil-industry-consultant58803 '''Confessions of a Former Oil Industry Consultant,'''] Truthout, April 22, 2010.
*[http://archive.truthout.org/tapping-our-resources-declining-returns-fossil-fuel-leases67197?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%253A+TRUTHOUT+%2528t+r+u+t+h+o+u+t+%257C+News+Politics%2529 '''Tapping "Our" Resources: Declining Returns on Fossil Fuel Leases,'''] Truthout, February 4, 2011.
*[http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/10/07/338726/drilling-in-the-arctic-perspectives-from-an-alaska-native/ '''Drilling in the Arctic: Perspectives From an Alaska Native,'''] Climate Progress, Oct 7, 2011.
*[http://www.greatenergychallengeblog.com/2012/01/16/fuel-tanker-finally-reaches-iced-in-alaska-town/ '''Fuel Tanker Finally Reaches Iced-In Alaska Town,'''] National Geographic, January 16, 2012.
*[http://truth-out.org/news/item/8021-about-that-dimock-fracking-study-results-did-show-methane-and-hazardous-chemicals '''About That Dimock Fracking Study: Result Summaries Show Methane and Hazardous Chemicals,'''] Truthout, March 21, 2012.
*[http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/8518-the-climate-movement-takes-on-fracking-interview-with-bill-mckibben '''The Climate Movement Takes On Fracking: Interview With Bill McKibben,'''] Truthout, April 17, 2012.
*[http://truth-out.org/news/item/9076-the-potential-for-fracking-fluids-to-reach-freshwater-aquifers '''Fracking Fluids Could Contaminate Freshwater Aquifers, Says Study,'''] Truthout, May 18, 2012.

===Renewable Energy===
*[http://www.lefteyeonbooks.com/2010/08/interview-with-solar-power-entrepreneur-jeremy-leggett/ '''Interview With Solar Power Entrepreneur Jeremy Leggett,'''] Left Eye on Books, August 27, 2010.
*[http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/03/06/438765/an-attempt-to-roll-back-wind-in-wisconsin/ '''An Attempt to Roll Back Wind in Wisconsin?'''] Climate Progress, Mar 6, 2012.

===Economics===
*[http://archive.truthout.org/collateralized-fish-obligations59079 '''Collateralized Fish Obligations? Fishery Management And Catch Shares,'''] Truthout, May 2, 2010.
*[http://www.lefteyeonbooks.com/2012/03/is-faulty-economics-at-the-root-of-the-global-financial-crisis/ '''Is Faulty Economics at the Root of the Global Financial Crisis?'''] Left Eye on Books, March 4, 2012.
*[http://www.lefteyeonbooks.com/2012/03/further-debunking-economics-interview-with-economist-steve-keen/ '''Further Debunking Economics: Interview with Economist Steve Keen,'''] Left Eye on Books, March 4, 2012.

===Interviews===
*[http://www.desmogblog.com/interview-kivalina-author-christine-shearer-trivia-challenge-free-copy '''Interview with 'Kivalina' Author Christine Shearer,'''] DeSmogBlog, August 3, 2011.
*[http://www.wpr.org/kathleendunn/index.cfm?strDirection=Prev&dteShowDate=2011-08-18%2022%3A00%3A00.0 '''Kathleen Dunn Show,'''] Wisconsin Public Radio, August 18, 2011.
*[http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/10/07/alaska-native-eskimos-fight-for-land-bei '''Alaska Native Eskimos Fight for Land Being Lost to Climate Change: An Interview with Christine Shearer,'''] Peoples Voice, Oct. 7, 2011.
*[http://www.writersvoice.net/2011/12/james-workman-heart-of-dryness-christine-shearer-kivalina/ '''James Workman, HEART OF DRYNESS & Christine Shearer, KIVALINA,'''] Writers Voice, 2011.
*[http://www.alaskapublic.org/2012/01/06/what%E2%80%99s-behind-climate-change-denial/ '''What’s Behind Climate Change Denial?'''] Alaska Public Radio, January 6, 2012.

'''John Michell''' (1933 – 2009) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michell_%28writer%29 wiki] is an influential New Age author.

During the 1960s John Michell had famously hosted the influential [[London Free School]] in the basement of his house. <ref>Jonathan Christoph Grunenberg, ''Summer Of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis And Counterculture In The 1960s'' (Liverpool University Press, 2005), p.77.</ref>

==''The View Over Atlantis'' (1969)==
In this acknowledgements to his book ''The View Over Atlantis'' Michell thanks: "[[John F. Neal]], [[John Williams]], [[Chris Turner]] of Bristol, [[Jeanette Jackson]], [[Elizabeth Leader]], [[Thom Keyes]], [[Ogilvie Crombie]] and [[Bruce MacManaway]] are among those whose suggestions and advice have been of great assistance."

==Biography==
*Paul Screeton, ''John Michell: From Atlantis to Avalon'' (Alternative Albion, 2010). [http://forteanreviews.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/john-michell-from-atlantis-to-avalon.html Review]

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch===

===References===
<references/>

[[category:united Kingdom]]

[[Image:AmyBoyer.jpg|150px|right]] {{stub}}

Amy Boyer is a lobbyist and serves as director of legislative affairs for several association clients at the Madison based Hamilton Consulting Group. She is a registered lobbyist and represents clients before the state Legislature and administrative agencies. Amy is also active in a number of legislative related organizations and coalitions.<ref> [http://www.hamilton-consulting.com/our-team The Hamilton Consulting Group], [http://www.hamilton-consulting.com Hamilton Consulting], accessed May 21, 2012 </ref>

==ALEC Meetings: Corporate-Funded Events and Scholarships==
[[ALEC]]'s annual meetings and task force summits are usually held in vacation spots like New Orleans and at swank resorts like the Westin Kierland Resort in Scottsdale, Arizona. Wisconsin legislators are paid $49,943 a year for working in the legislature, so for many politicians these destinations and resort trips would be unaffordable, for themselves or their families. Luckily for ALEC legislators, ALEC's corporate members bankroll legislator flights and hotel rooms through ALEC “scholarships,” and corporations also fund their wining and dining by underwriting ALEC meetings and receptions. Additionally, ALEC provides access to partially-subsidized child care, called “Kids Congress,” and has created itineraries for legislative and lobbyist spouses, who are invited to attend corporate-sponsored receptions, meals, and other excursions.

The corporate-funded gifts of flights and hotel rooms are filtered through the ALEC “scholarship” program. According to ALEC’s bylaws, funds for these so-called “scholarships” are raised from corporate and special interests by the ALEC Public Sector State Chair and Private Enterprise State Chair. Wisconsin’s current Public Sector State Co-Chairs are Reps. [[Robin Vos]] and [[Scott Suder]], and the Private Enterprise Chair is lobbyist Amy Boyer, whose clients have included ALEC members [[Koch Industries]], Xcel Energy, and Wal-Mart. The previous legislative chairs for the state of Wisconsin were Sen. [[Scott Fitzgerald]] and then-Rep. [[Mike Huebsch]].

Another open records request revealed the names of additional donors. Top contributors include [[AT&T]], the drug manufacturer trade group [[PhRMA]], T-Mobile, [[Kraft]], and [[US Tobacco]]. Many of those contributions are made on the same day, suggesting the dollars are raised as part of fundraising events, an inference supported by other open records documents. All of the corporations and organizations contributing to the Wisconsin scholarship fund – which is used to subsidize legislators’ flights and hotel rooms – employ lobbyists in the state and have an interest in the outcome of legislative activity in the Wisconsin Capitol.

Wisconsin has some of the strongest lobbying rules in the country and prohibits legislators from accepting anything of value from lobbyists, or from corporations that employ lobbyists in the state. These so-called “scholarships” would appear to directly violate these rules.

What makes the “scholarships” even more troubling is that once legislators are at an ALEC meeting, they often rub shoulders with lobbyists for the same corporations that may have paid for their travel expenses, and legislators are provided model legislation that tends to benefit those same corporate interests. Recent ALEC meetings have included Wisconsin lobbyists for Altria (Garth Alston), Celgene (Greg Chesmore), [[Amgen]] (John Benske), [[Alliant Energy]] (Bob Bartlett), PhRMA and the Cigar Association of America (Tom Moore), as well as former Assembly Leader [[Scott Jensen]] (now lobbying for American Federation for Children) and ALEC State Chair Amy Boyer (Koch Industries, [[Wal-Mart]], [[Xcel Energy]], and others). Additionally, ALEC corporations underwrite other perks for legislators and their families, including receptions with free food and drinks, and entertainment like Major League Baseball games, cigar parties, and shooting events.

These gifts of flights, hotel rooms, and other perks look like violations of Wisconsin ethics laws. Such gifts could reasonably be expected to influence a legislator's judgment, or be viewed as a reward for their official actions in support of the ALEC agenda.

For example, [[PhRMA]] gave at least $5,500 in recent years to the scholarship fund to cover Wisconsin legislators’ flights and hotel rooms – in addition to over $356,000 sent to the office of the ALEC corporate co-chair in Wisconsin, money which was subsequently claimed to be for use in other states. PhRMA also sent lobbyists to multiple ALEC meetings, where they sat alongside Wisconsin legislators like Sen. [[Leah Vukmir]] as equals on the [[Health and Human Services Task Force]]. In 2011, a number of ALEC “model bills” that would benefit PhRMA and its members were introduced in the Wisconsin legislature, including the omnibus “tort reform” bill that became Act 2. That bill makes it easier for drug companies to escape responsibility for all the damages a jury might wish to assess for pharmaceutical products that kill or injure Wisconsin residents. Act 2 was co-sponsored by twenty-four ALEC legislators. <ref> [http://alecexposed.org/w/images/c/cd/ALEC_Exposed_in_Wisconsin.pdf ALEC Exposed in Wisconsin: The Hijacking of a State], [http://www.alecexposed.org ALEC Exposed], May 2012 </ref>

{{about ALEC}}

==References==
<references/>

The '''Mau Mau Rebellion''' took place in colonial Kenya. The so-called Mau Mau fighters actually named themselves the Kenya Land Freedom Army (KLFA).

== Squatters ==
"Squatters were Kenyan Africans living, cultivating, and generally grazing [their livestock] on land that did not belong to them."<ref>S. M. Shamsul Alam, ''Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya'', p. 18.</ref> Conditions for squatters in [[colonial Kenya]] deteriorated over the course of the early 20th century.

:"By the end of the Second World War the settlers were determined to press the squatter relationship to the point of crisis. In some areas squatters were barred from keeping any livestock at all, and where livestock were allowed they were restricted to an average of only 15 sheep. Although they were usually allowed to cultivate between one and a half to two acres of land, with increased labour demands (ranging from a minimum of 240 to 270 days) and with no wage increases, it would appear that their subordination was virtually complete."<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 105.</ref>

== Olenguruone ==
A pre-cursor to Mau Mai, the Olenguruone affair played a "pivotal role as a rallying point for Kikuyu unity" against the colonial regime.<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 119.</ref>

In 1941, a group of [[Kikuyu]] were given land in [[Olenguruone]], near [[Nakuru]]. The colonial government placed stringent and detailed rules on farming and conservation practices, including forbidding the Kikuyu to grow their staple, maize.<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 111-112.</ref>

Also at issue were the government's rules of land sale and inheritance. "In many ways the scheme demanded a complete reorganisation of the people's agricultural practices and social set up. Having abrograted the Kikuyu system of land ownership in Central Province, the administration then imposed a completely new system for inheriting the allocated plots in Olenguruone, which was wholly at variance with common Kikuyu practice."<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 112.</ref> The land could only be inherited by the eldest son of the wife on a plot, not sudivided among the sons of a homestead according to Kiuyu custom. Also, the land could not be sold, rented, mortgaged, "or disposed of in any way."<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 113.</ref>

Part of the government's mistake was to allocate land without consideration of family size and without any allowance for polygamy. A man with one wife received the same amount of land as a man with several wives. The Kikuyu settlers were also upset about the stringent regulations governing their farming practices.

"Toward the end of the conflict, the issue at hand had changed into that of the very legitimacy of the government's appropriation of land in the country."<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 113.</ref> Some of the settlers in Olenguruone had previously owned land but had moved to the Rift Valley as squatters and left their land to family members. For those who tried to return to their previous land, it was difficult for them to reclaim it. The government felt they should appreciate the scheme to give them land in Olenguruone and "failed to recognise the residents' concern for a more permanent solution to the problem of landlessness and their inherent vulnerability under a very unsatisfactory government-sponsored scheme. the government failed to appreciate that the cumulative effect of squatter subjection produced people who no longer fell for piecemeal offers and who detested government schemes that reduced them to tenants-at-will of the state."<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 114.</ref>

:"The Olenguruone affair had a central role in nationalist politics and the development of the Mau Mau movement. Psychologically, the Olenguruone settlers won because they resisted the colonial government to the end. While they lost materially, they made a statement to the colonial state that the Gikuyu [Kikuyu] had not lost sight of their rights to land. This inspired the Gikuyu squatters on white settlers’ farms, the peasants in Central Kenya and the politicians in Nairobi, and showed them how to create solidarity."<ref>Gatimu Maina, "[http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/download/661/664 Paths of the Mau Mau Revolution: Victory and Glory Usurped]."</ref>

In the latter half of 1946, the Olenguruone residents organized "a massive meeting" in Naivasha, attended by "several hundred squatter representatives sympathetic to the Olenguruone cause." They "adopted Olenguruone as the squatters' rallying cry against settler oppression and imbused them with renewed determination to defy 'the slavery of the [[White Highlands]]'."<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 117.</ref>

On March 22, 1947, the Provincial Comissioner gave Olenguruone residents two weeks notice to either comply with the settlement's rules or leave. The government confiscated livestock of four leaders who refused to comply with the rules, but took no other action at that time.<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 117.</ref> Finally on February 20, 1949, the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa ruled against the Olenguruone Kikuyu.

:"Thus armed the government then undertook to evict all residents without settlement permits. Their huts and crops were to be destroyed and their livestock confiscated. Action was delayed until the end of September and then, within a week between 28 September and 3 October 1949, everyone in defiance of the law, which comprised the majority of Olenguruone residents, were to have their huts burnt, their livestock seized and their maize crops cut down. But despite this ravaging attack, a recalcitrant 2,2000 residents remained behind, hiding in holes in the ground."<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 118.</ref>

In 1950, most of the 11,000 in Olenguruone returned to the districts where they (or parents or grandparents) had left several decades before. However, there was no land in the crowded reserves and many ended up in shanties and shacks in towns like Limuru or in Nairobi.<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 27.</ref> Those in Olenguruone who continued to refuse to comply with government laws were forcibly evicted to a dry and inhospitable area called Yatta in [[Kamba]] territory.<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 119.</ref>

=== Olenguruone Oath of Unity ===
Beginning in 1944, the Olenguruone squatters took an oath of unity based on the old KCA membership oath. "By 1946 this traditional Kikuyu oath, usually taken only by male elders, had been widened at Olenguruone to include younger men, women, and even children. Eventually, some of those at Olenguruone went a step further, and took a more militant oath." The oath "quickly spread through the farms of the Rift Valley between 1946 and 1948, as other squatters facing eviction sought to build solidarity. Then, as evictions from Olenguruone began, the oath reached the Kikuyu of Nairobi and central Kenya. Here it was taken up and promoted by the leaders of the urban militants, a group who would later become known as the ''Muhimu'' (literally, 'important') and, later still, would form Mau Mau's cnetral organizing committee."<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 27.</ref>

== Mau Mau and Independence ==
:"Kenyan postcolonial constructions... sought to undermine the image of Mau Mau. This was thought necessary because the forces that ascended to power after the departure of the colonialists in 1963 needed to consolidate their economic, political, and ideological hegemony in postcolonial Kenya. These class-based forces have been variously identified as petite bourgeousie, national bourgeousie, and indigenous bourgeousie. Without going into terminological acrobatics, it could be argued that politics in postcolonial Kenya paved the way for neocolonialism and the discouragement of nationalism as a unifying force in Kenya. In these neocolonial conditions, the metropolitan bourgeousie managed to establish a strategic alliance with the national bourgeousie as a junior partner. The national bourgeousie has largely consisted of those who did not take part in the Mau Mau revolt. Discrediting and denouncing Mau Mau was essential in the strategic alliance between metropolitan bourgeousie and national bourgeousie."<ref>S.M. Shamsul Alam, ''Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya'', p. 62.</ref>

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch articles===
* [[Colonialism in Kenya]]
* [[The Adoption of Maize in Kenya]]
* [[Ethnic Groups of Kenya]]
* [[Traditional Food Plants of Kenya]]

===References===
<references/>

=== External Resources ===

==== Books ====
* ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, East African Publishers, 1992.
* S.M. Shamsul Alam, ''Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya''.
* Frederick Cooper, ''Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present''.
* Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', Owl Books, 2005.
* Tabitha Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–1963'', Ohio University Press, 1987.
* David Maughan-Brown, ''Land, Freedom and Fiction: History and Ideology in Kenya'', Third World Books.
* E. S. Atieno Odhiambo, John Lonsdale, ''Mau Mau & Nationhood: Arms, Authority & Narration'', Ohio State University Press, 2003.
* Josiah Mwangi Kariuki, ''Mau Mau" Detainee: Account by a Kenya African of His Experiences in Detention Camps, 1953-60''.

=== External Articles ===
* Bruce J. Berman, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/485216 Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Modernity: The Paradox of Mau Mau]," Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2 (1991), pp. 181-206.

==== The Journal of African History ====
* W. O. Maloba, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3647197 Collaborator and/or Nationalist?]," Review of Koinange-wa-Mbiyu: Mau Mau's Misunderstood Leader by Jeff Koinange, The Journal of African History, Vol. 42, No. 3 (2001), pp. 527-529.
* Jidlaph G. Kamoche, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/183235 The Peasants' Revolt]," Review of Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt by Wunyabari O. Maloba, The Journal of African History, Vol. 35, No. 2 (1994), pp. 329-330.
* John Lonsdale, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/182877 Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1990), pp. 393-421.
* Frederick Cooper, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/182387 Mau Mau and the Discourses of Decolonization]," Review of Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau by Tabitha Kanogo; Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau by David W. Throup, The Journal of African History, Vol. 29, No. 2 (1988), pp. 313-320.
* M. Tamarkin, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180942 Mau Mau in Nakuru]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1976), pp. 119-134.
* F. B. Welbourn, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/179600 Review: The Official History of Mau Mau: The Origins and Growth of Mau Mau: An Historical Survey]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1961), pp. 168-170.

[[category:Africa]][[category:Kenya]]

{{stub}}{{#badges: CoalSwarm}}'''Phillip M. Gonet''' is the president of the [[Illinois Coal Association]] (ICA), a lobby group for Illinois coal producers.

The ICA states on its website that Gonet's duties "include the coordination of relations between the Illinois coal mining industry and the various state agencies regulating the industry or interacting with it in some other way."<ref>Illinois Coal Association, [http://www.ilcoalassn.com/mission.html "Mission Statement"], Illinois Coal Association website, accessed May 2012.</ref>

==Support for the Heartland Institute==

In May 2012 the Illinois Coal Association became a last minute financial sponsor of the [[Heartland Institute]]'s conference for global warming sceptics. "We support the work they are doing and so we thought we would finally make a contribution to the organisation," he said. Heartland's conference faced a barrage of criticism and the withdrawal of a number of sponsors after the institute launched a billboard advertising campaign which equated those who believed in global warming with the Unabomber. Gonet told the Guradian that criticism of the ad was "moot", "pointless" and "absurd".<ref name=Heart>Suzanne Goldenberg, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/may/20/heartland-institute-future-staff-cash "Heartland Institute facing uncertain future as staff depart and cash dries up"], ''Guardian'', May 20, 2012.</ref>

"I made a contribution mainly in support of a conference that is designed to make balanced information available to the public on the issue of global warming … In general, the message of the Heartland Institute is something the Illinois Coal Association supports," Gonet said.<ref name=Heart/>

==Political donations==

Newsmeat records Gonet, on behalf of the ICA, as having made 19 political donations to support candidates since 2004.<ref>[http://www.newsmeat.com/fec/bystate_detail.php?city=Springfield&st=IL&last=Gonet&first=Phillip "Phillip Gonet"], ''Newsmeat'', accessed May 2012.</ref>

==Background==

A May 1991 article listing appointments by the then announcement by then Illinois Governor Jim Edgar stated that Gonet was was appointed the executive director of the Illinois Commerce Commission (I1CC). The I1CC regulates investor-owned utilities and intrastate transportation in Illinois. The article stated that "Gonet had most recently served three years as Gov. Thompson's deputy chief of staff Gonet has been in state government since 1975 when he went to work as an analyst in the governor's Bureau of the Budget. In 1978 he moved to the Illinois House where he directed GOP staff for the Appropriations Committee for five years. From 1983-87 he was director of fiscal affairs for the Board of Regents."<ref>[http://www.lib.niu.edu/1991/ii910531.html "Edgar appoints six to cabinet"], ''Illinois Issues'', Volume 31, May 1991.</ref>

==Affiliations==
* General Manager of the Springfield, Illinois municipal utility, City Water, Light and Power: 1998-2003.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Reliant+Energy+Wholesale+Group+and+Springfield+City+Water,+Light+and...-a053887134 "Reliant Energy Wholesale Group and Springfield City Water, Light and Power Announces Long-Term Marketing Agreement"], Media Release, February 16, 1999.</ref><ref>[http://www.sancohis.org/PDFs/October2006.pdf "Report on September program"], Historico: The newsletter of the Sangamon County Historical Society, October 2006, page 2.</ref>
* [[Illinois Channel]], member of the Advisory Council.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Xb9a8R0q_4 "Illinois Channel Advisory Council Member Phil Gonet"], March 13, 2012.</ref>
* [[FutureGen for Illinois Task Force]]. Appointed by then Governor [[Rod R. Blagojevich]] to a committee to promote the proposed [[FutureGen]] [[Carbon Capture and Storage]] project.<ref>[http://www.commerce.state.il.us/dceo/Print/default.htm?uid={55E5E152-6163-45BB-88BE-AC14E7B8A4A9} "FutureGen for Illinois Task Force"], Media Release, Office of Coal Development Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity, October 17, 2006.</ref>

==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[United States and coal]]
*[[Heartland Institute]]

===External articles===

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP--MQn86wU "Phil Gonet, on Illinois Coal Projects"], ''Illinois Channel'', 19 September 2010

===External Articles===





[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:Coal mining]]
[[Category:Coal lobby]]

{{#badges: CoalSwarm}}{{stub}}

'''Neptune Bulk Terminal Canada''' is an export terminal located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and is operated by [[Neptune Bulk Terminals]].

The port handles metallurgical and thermal coal, potash, grains, animal feed, bulk fertilizers, and canola oil.<ref>[http://www.portmetrovancouver.com/en/users/landoperations/terminalsandfacilities/bulk.aspx "http://www.neptuneterminals.com/" Neptune Bulk Terminals (Canada)] Neptune Bulk Terminals homepage, accessed May 2012.</ref>

{{#display_map:|49.3042,-123.0521|width=600|height=400|type=satellite|zoom=14}}

==Resources==
===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch articles===
*[[Canada and coal]]
*[[China and coal]]
*[[Coal exports]]
*[[Existing U.S. Coal Mines]]
*[[Montana and coal]]
*[[Oregon and coal]]
*[[Powder River Basin]]
*[[U.S. coal exports]]
*[[Washington (state) and coal]]
*[[Wyoming and coal]]
*[[Railroads and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]
*[[Coal Exports from Northwest United States Ports]]
{{#display_points:|width=550|height=450
|center=49.5,-126
|
43.381129,-124.216061~Port of Coos Bay~'''Click [[Port of Coos Bay|here]]''' for more information;
46.965194,-123.854756~Port of Grays Harbor~'''Click [[Port of Grays Harbor|here]]''' for more information;
48.86127,-122.751746~Gateway Pacific Terminal~'''Click [[Gateway Pacific Terminal|here]]''' for more information;
49.023293,-123.157167~Deltaport Terminal~Click '''[[Deltaport Terminal|here]]''' for more information.;
46.140364,-123.000019~Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal~Click '''[[Millennium Bulk Logistics Longview Terminal|here]]''' for more information.;
45.8526328, -119.6719717~Port of Morrow~Click '''[[Port of Morrow|here]]''' for more information.;
45.895385,-122.809274~Port of St. Helens~Click '''[[Port of St. Helens|here]]''' for more information.;
54.2883,-130.3562~Prince Rupert Port~Click '''[[Prince Rupert Port|here]]''' for more information.;
49.2854,-123.0805~Roberts Bank Superport~Click '''[[Roberts Bank Superport|here]]''' for more information.;
49.2854,-123.0805~Westshore Terminals~Click '''[[Westshore Terminals|here]]''' for more information.;
|zoom=5}}

* [[State-by-State Guide to Information on Coal in the United States|Profiles of other states]] (or click on the map)
<us_map redirect="{state} and coal"></us_map>
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in Canada]]

The '''Taxpayers Network Incorporated''' (TNI) is a Green Bay-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit association that claims that “embracing high taxes will stunt a state's income growth and cause thousands to flee to low tax havens.”

==TNI an ALEC Ally in Wisconsin==

TNI produces an annual report that compares taxation rates and other factors in all 50 states. TNI has also worked with the [[Heartland Institute]] (also an [[ALEC]] member), and has long made claims that Wisconsin public employees were overpaid.

Additionally, TNI also acts like an insurance agent for a health insurer that has been accused of exploiting regulatory loopholes to profit by jacking up premiums on their sickest policyholders. Some health insurers sell to individuals by issuing a group policy to an “association” – like TNI and then selling coverage to the association’s “members,” many of whom join the association for a nominal fee in order to get inexpensive health insurance. In the early 2000s, reports emerged of individuals joining TNI so they could buy group insurance with the United Wisconsin Life Insurance Company (UWLIC), only to see their rates skyrocket when they got sick – like a Florida woman who saw her premiums go from $417 to $1,881 a month after she developed breast cancer.

Both TNI and UWLIC (and its parent company, American Medical Security Group) are located in Green Bay, but loopholes in many state laws allow insurance to be regulated based on the state where the “association” is incorporated, rather than the state where an individual resides. TNI was incorporated in Ohio, which had minimal insurance regulation – meaning that state laws against unfair insurance practices in a policyholder’s state generally would not apply to UWLIC insurance sold through TNI. In the early 2000s, both TNI and UWLIC were named as defendants in class action and other lawsuits in states like Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Arizona for unfair practices and violating state laws against the practice of “tiering” people into higher-premium categories after they file claims.

In 2002, the Florida Insurance Commissioner suspended UWLIC’s license in the state (although it was overturned on appeal), and a Florida judge determined that the TNI-UWLIC scheme violated state law. UWLIC settled a number of similar lawsuits in the early-to-mid 2000s. Subsequently, ALEC adopted the Health Care Choice Act For States as a “model” bill in 2007. That bill would potentially thwart lawsuits like those faced by TNI and UWLIC by providing that state law does not apply to out-of-state companies selling insurance in the state. In 2011, Sen. [[Leah Vukmir]] circulated LRB 0373, a version of the Health Care Choice Act for States in 2011, but the proposal inspired strong opposition from health advocates and was never introduced.

TNI’s Vice-President Cate Zueske was Wisconsin’s Revenue Secretary under Governor [[Tommy Thompson]] and is a former Republican state legislator. She is married to former Assembly Speaker [[John Gard]], who was an ALEC member. In 2002, Zueske gave the introduction for Thompson when he was the keynote speaker at ALEC’s Spring Task Force Summit.

TNI is listed on the Wisconsin ALEC scholarship fund report between 2006 and 2009, and for an unknown reason is listed as both contributing to the fund and receiving scholarships. (Data from 2011 and 2012 is not available.) No other name on the accounting spreadsheet for the Wisconsin ALEC scholarship fund is listed as both contributing to the fund and receiving from it. David Steffen, TNI’s Director of External Affairs, was the ALEC private sector co-chair for Wisconsin between 2006 and 2010.

TNI is also a member of the [[State Policy Network]], which is actively involved in ALEC. <ref> [http://alecexposed.org/w/images/c/cd/ALEC_Exposed_in_Wisconsin.pdf ALEC Exposed in Wisconsin: The Hijacking of a State], [http://www.alecexposed.org ALEC Exposed], May 2012 </ref>

{{About ALEC}}

==References==
<references/>

Capitalizing on a successful real-estate business his father created, [[Zygi Wilf]] has become a billionaire.[http://www.celebritynetworth.com/richest-businessmen/zygi-wilf-net-worth/] He lives in New Jersey and New York.[http://observer.com/2011/11/30/thats-a-lot-of-lutfisk-inside-zygi-wilfs-19-m-valhalla/]

==Investments==

===Companies Owned===
His main business interests are in real-estate companies Garden Commercial Properties (gardencommercial.com), Garden Homes (gardenhomes.com), and the [[NFL]] commercial sports team [[Minnesota Vikings]].

===Vikings Stadium===
Wilf has put a lot of effort into getting the Minnesota public to pay for a billion dollar football stadium he would own.[http://www.startribune.com/sports/vikings/134788463.html][http://www.citypages.com/2007-01-03/news/eye-of-the-beholder/][http://blogs.citypages.com/blotter/2012/03/vikings_stadium_plan_finally_unveiled.php] This has included getting [[NFL]] leaders like [[Roger Goodell]] and players to personally visit and [[lobby]] for the stadium.

==Political Donations==
Zygi tends to donate late in races to the most likely winner in a campaign, at least in the case of PACs. Exceptions include the pro-football endorsing [[Gridiron PAC]].[http://www.newsmeat.com/sports_political_donations/Zygmunt_Wilf.php] Further research is required to determine whether he uses [[front group]]s to hide where most of his political support goes.

==Other Sources==
* His Wikipedia article (note Wikipedia is frequently subject to PR campaign exploitation) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygi_Wilf
* [http://observer.com/2011/11/30/thats-a-lot-of-lutfisk-inside-zygi-wilfs-19-m-valhalla/ $19 million Park Avenue home in New York City]
* [http://www.fieldofschemes.com/news/archives/nfl/minnesota_vikings/ Field of Schemes]

{{stub}}{{CoalSwarm}}
'''Kellogg Terminal''' is a terminal used for coal located in Modoc, Illinois. The facility has a storage capacity of 800,000 tons. It is owned by [[Kinder Morgan Energy Partners]].<ref>[http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/terminals/lower_river.cfm "Kinder Morgan Terminals"] Kinder Morgan Website, accessed May 21, 2012.</ref>

{{#display_map:|38.010023, -90.058091|width=600|height=400|type=satellite|zoom=14}}

==Articles and resources==
===References===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch articles===
* [[Illinois and coal]]

===External resources===


===External articles===


[[Category:Illinois]][[Category:United States]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]][[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in the United States]]

{{stub}}{{#badges: CoalSwarm|Navbar-Indiacoal}}

'''Nhava Sheva Port,''' officially '''Jawaharlal Nehru Port,''' is located in located in Maharashtra and is the largest container port in India. The port handles coal and is operated by [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust]].<ref>[http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/07/slide-show-1-the-major-ports-of-india.htm "The biggest ports of India,"] Rediff Business, October 8, 2010.</ref>

{{#display_map:|18.948688, 72.947524|width=600|height=400|type=satellite|zoom=14}}

==Articles and Resources==
===Sources===
{{reflist|2}}

===Related SourceWatch Articles===
*[[India and coal]]
*[[Coal terminals]]

===External Articles===

[[Category:India]]
[[Category:Mining]]
[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure]]
[[Category:Coal transport and infrastructure in India]]

'''Colonialism in Kenya''' lasted roughly 68 years, from the end of the 19th century until [[Kenya]]'s independence from Great Britain in 1963.<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 171.</ref>

:"Africa's precapitalist forms of production were subjected to a historic break in their autonomous development; in the terminology of the time they were literally 'opened up'. They became part-economies, externally orientated to suit the dynamic of a capitalism which had been imposed upon them from outside... East Africa's pre-colonial relations with the global economy had been based too exclusively on the production of two rapidly wasting assets, slaves and ivory. In the inland area which became the hub of Kenya there had barely been an exportable surplus at all when, suddenly, in the first decade of the twentieth century, production was intensified beyond all previous experience by the demands of colonial rule and, concurrently, by the opportunities of the commodity boom, itself in part created by the political and capital investments with which the imperial powers competed for preferential access to markets and resources."<ref>John Lonsdale and Bruce Berman, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/181774 Coping with the Contradictions: The Development of the Colonial State in Kenya, 1895-1914]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 20, No. 4, White Presence and Power in Africa (1979), pp. 487-505.</ref>

== Settler Expropriation of Kenyan Land ==
The first European settlers arrived in 1902. In 1915, the Crown Land Ordinance recognized "native rights" in lands reserved for the Kenyans. In 1926, this was further defined by the creation of "African Reserves" for each of Kenya's "tribes," leaving the "White Highlands" for the Europeans. The White Highlands consisted of large parts of Kiambu and Murang'a, as well as areas farther north around Nyeri and Nanyuki, and "great tracts of land in the Rift Valley, and far to the west on the plateaus beyond."<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 21.</ref>

:"The establishment of capitalist estate production depended upon the appropriation of African land. But this partial separation of Africans from their means of production did not have an immediately adverse effect upon their well-being save in the case of the pastoralists, who suffered immeasurably larger losses than the cultivators. On the contrary, African farmers enjoyed an enormous access of exploitable land, as both the British pax enabled them to use areas previously left empty for reasons of defence, and as white landownership made available to their tenants' hoes the acres which settlers could not yet afford to plough."<ref>John Lonsdale and Bruce Berman, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/181774 Coping with the Contradictions: The Development of the Colonial State in Kenya, 1895-1914]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 20, No. 4, White Presence and Power in Africa (1979), pp. 487-505.</ref>

== British "Encouragement" of African Labor ==
:"The colonial state introduced settler and corporate production as the mainstay of the colonial economy. The state forcibly seized land, livestock and other indigenous means of production from certain regions, communities and households on behalf of the settlers and corporate interests. By the mid-1930s about one-fifth of all usable land in Kenya was under the exclusive control of the settlers. In addition, the state provided the settlers and corporate capital with the necessary infrastructural, agricultural and marketing services and credit facilities. And above all, the state sought to create, mobilize and control the supply of African labour for capital. The state itself, of course, also required massive supplies of labour to build and maintain the colonial economic infrastructure and the administrative bureaucracy."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 173.</ref>

The British used five main policies to secure and control African labor. First, it established African reserves, "eventually with official boundaries... where each African ethnic group in the colony was expected to live separately." As Africans lacked sufficient land in their reserves, they "had little choice but to migrate to the European farms in search of work."<ref>Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', p. 15.</ref> Or, stated another way, "Through the initial act of alienating land to settlers, the colonial state deprived some Africans of their means of production and laid the basis for the entry of Africans in ever-increasing numbers into the wage labour force."<ref>Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', p. 15.</ref>

Second, they imposed taxes.<ref>Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', p. 15.</ref> The government imposed a hut tax and a poll tax, "together amounting to nearly twenty-five shillings, the equivalent of almost two months of African wages at the going local rate."<ref>Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', p. 16.</ref> "But taxation was a double edged sword: it encouraged peasant commodity production as much as wage employment. In fact, peasant commodity production increased precisely in those regions from where the colonial state and capital expected to draw their labour, namely the Central and Nyanza Provinces."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 173.</ref>

Thus, to keep Africans from competing with British farmers, the government imposed the third means of "encouraging" African labor: forbidding them to grow the most profitable cash crops (coffee, tea, and sisal). Kenyans could continue growing and selling maize until marketing boards established after World War II set a two-tier system that benefited European settler farms.<ref>Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', p. 16.</ref>

Fourth, was forced labor.

:"Forced or compulsory labour was widely used and became institutionalized during the first few decades of colonial rule in Kenya. This was a period when massive supplies of labour were required to lay the very foundations of the colonial economy: rail lines and roads had to be built, dams and bridges constructed, administrative centres erected, and forests cleared and settler farms established... Forced labour inevitably became the most reliable means of securing labour. Few government officials or settlers ever questioned the need for some form of labour coercion. For many it was even an act of benevolence, a necessary 'shock therapy' for people deeply mired in idleness and indolence."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 173.</ref>

Fifth, with thousands of [[Kikuyu]] migrating to look for work, the colonial government introduced the pass or ''kipande'' system "to control the movement of African workers and to keep track of their employment histories."<ref>Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', p. 16.</ref>

=== Kipande (Pass) System ===
The Kipande system was first passed into law in 1915, implemented by 1919, and abolished in 1947.<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 181.</ref>

:"By 1920 all African men leaving their reserves were required by law to carry a pass, or ''kipande'', that recorded a person's name, fingerprint, ethnic group, past employment history, and current employer's signature. The Kikuyu put the pass in a small metal container, the size of a cigarette box, and wore it around their necks. They often called it a ''mbugi'', or goat's bell, because, as one old man recalled to me, "I was no longer a shepherd, but one of the flock, going to work on the white man's farm with my ''mbugi'' around my neck." The ''kipande'' became one of the most detested symbols of British colonial power, though the Africans had little recourse but to carry their identity at all times; failure to produce it on demand brought a hefty fine, imprisonment, or both."<ref>Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', p. 16.</ref>

=== Emergence of Different "Household Types" ===
:"Colonialism in Kenya, as in much of Africa, pitted the peasant household against capitalist enterprise... The differentiated response of peasant households to capitalist labour demands resulted in the emergence of different household types: commodity-producing households, labor-exporting households, squatter households and working-class households."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 172.</ref>

==== Squatters ====
"Squatters were Kenyan Africans living, cultivating, and generally grazing [their livestock] on land that did not belong to them."<ref>S. M. Shamsul Alam, ''Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya'', p. 18.</ref> Settlers allowed African squatters to live on their land in order to secure a continuous supply of cheap labor. "By 1930 squatter labour had become the main source of labour on settler farms and estates, and the total number of squatters was in the neighbourhood of 120,000 people. They occupied at least 20% of settler land."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 177.</ref> Many of the early squatters were actually the original inhabitants of the land taken by the settlers. Later, squatters came from the reserves "to escape the restrictions of reserve life, especially conscription during the war, and the rigours and abuses of communal labour after the war."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 177.</ref> Food shortages in the reserves also played a role in pushing Kenyans to become squatters, as did the desire to escape the education and missionaries, which were more pervasive in the reserves than on settler farms.

In 1918, the Resident Native Ordinance was passed to demand that squatter payments were made in labor and not in kind or in cash. This was done to keep the squatter farms from competing with or even eclipsing settler farms. "Conditions for squatters began deteriorating from the mid-1920s, at first imperceptibly, then dramatically from the 1930s. As reserves became more crowded, more people left them to become squatters and then they lost the ability to return. Over time, squatter plots became smaller and the amount of time they were required to work for settlers increased. In 1918, a squatter must work for a settler for three months, but this increased to six months in 1925 and eight months in March 1944.<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 178.</ref> After World War II, the labor requirement increased still further to nine months, and squatter plots grew yet smaller.<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 179.</ref>

Squatters were also not allowed to raise cattle "because the white settlers were eager to protect their imported, exotic herds from diseases."<ref>S. M. Shamsul Alam, ''Rethinking Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya'', p. 18.</ref> One account reports that some settlers would even shoot squatter "stock" (cattle?) and "forced seizure, sale or repatriatoin of squatter stock by both settlers and the Forestry department became commonplace and were given the force of the law."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, pp. 178-179.</ref>

:"By the end of the Second World War the settlers were determined to press the squatter relationship to the point of crisis. In some areas squatters were barred from keeping any livestock at all, and where livestock were allowed they were restricted to an average of only 15 sheep. Although they were usually allowed to cultivate between one and a half to two acres of land, with increased labour demands (ranging from a minimum of 240 to 270 days) and with no wage increases, it would appear that their subordination was virtually complete."<ref>Tabitha M. Kanogo, ''Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63'', p. 105.</ref>

In 1939, the colonial government purchased a large amount of land to relocate evicted squatters. The land was of poor quality, and the Kikuyus, who constituted the majority of the squatters, refused to move to them. Thus, in 1939, there were more than 30,000 evicted, landless squatters. By the time of Kenya's independence, squatter labor accounted for only 4% of agricultural employment.<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 179.</ref>

==== Labor-Exporting Households ====
"Free labor" emerged first in the cities, where the majority of workers worked in administrative and service jobs (as opposed to manufacturing). "From the beginning, Kenya's wage labour was segmented along racial, ethnic, regional and gender lines. Generally Europeans occupied the top positions, Asians [Indians] were in the middle, while Africans were at the bottom of the occupational hierarchy. Among the Africans the labour market was dominated by people from the Central and Nyanza provinces, particularly the [[Kikuyu]], [[Luo]] and [[Luhya|Luyia]]. Women's participatin in the formal labour market was low because of the combined influences of traditional and European patriarchalism which prescribed a rigid system of division of labour patterned along gender lines."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, pp. 179-180.</ref>

In this system, women stayed in the rural areas to farm and raise their children, when men migrated to the cities to work. Within the cities "prostitution was one of the few areas open to African women."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 180.</ref>

:"The immediate causes of prostitution were, of course, complex... but what sustained the institution in the urban areas was the demographic imbalance of the sexes and the lack of employment opportunities for women. Prostitution was officially tolerated, indeed encouraged, because it served as a 'wage depressant, disincentive for labours to bring their families to town.' As one official report on African housing in Nairobi candidly conceded: 'whereas the needs of eight men may be served by the provision of two rooms for the men and one for the prostitute, were housing provided for these natives and their families, six rooms would probably be needed."<ref>Tiyambe Zelaza, "The Colonial Labour System in Kenya." In ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, p. 181.</ref>

Free laborers were controlled by the kipande system, discussed above.

== Missionaries in Kenya ==
"Anglicans of the Church Missionary Society, Scottish Presbyterians, the Methodist Gospel Mission, the fundamentalist African Inland Mission, and the Catholics of the Mill Hill order were all firmly established in Kenya" by the start of[[World War I]].<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 13, 15.</ref> "In an act of pious imperialsim that echoed the partition of Africa among the great powers of Europe... these Churches divided the colony into religious 'spheres of influence'. This avoided too much unseemly competition for the saving of African souls."<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 15.</ref> Of these, the Church Missionary Society and the Presbyterian Church of Scotland took the majority of territory in the [[Kikuyu]] districts of central Kenya. The missions set up primary schools and set about educating mostly men but some women.

The missionaries were invited onto the Legislative Council "to represent 'African interests'."<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 15.</ref> The missions, in turn, set up "councils of African elders within the churches, .. encouraging Christian Africans to represent themselves." By 1921, various missions had joined together set up a group called the Kikuyu Association. The name was later changed to the Loyal Kikuyu Patriots.<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 21.</ref>

== Kikuyu Organizing Against the British from the 1920s ==
In 1921, the [[East African Association]] was formed in Nairobi, taking more radical positions than the Kikuyu Associations. It called for better pay and improved conditions for urban African workers. While it was multi-ethnic, it was dominated by the Kikuyu, "who filled the majority of the better-paid African jobs in Nairobi."<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 15.</ref> The leader was a Kikuyu named [[Harry Thuku]], who had attended the Methodist mission school at Kambui and worked as a telephonist and clerk in the Treasury.<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 15-16.</ref> "Whereas the Kikuyu Association accepted the leadership of the missions, and bowed to the authority of the government in its polite requests for reform, Thuku and his followers rejected colonial rule and overtly questioned the legitimacy of European domination."<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 16.</ref>

On March 14, 1922, Thuku was taken into police custody. By the next day, a crowd of 7000-8000 of his supporters gathered. The police shot some of the protestors, and reports of the number dead range from 28 to 56.<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 16-17.</ref> Thuku was then banished from Central Kenya for a few years.

In 1924, supporters of Thuku in Murang'a formed a political group called the [[Kikuyu Central Association]] (KCA). In 1927, KCA opened a Nairobi office.<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 17.</ref> By the end of the decade, it had 4000 members. [[Jomo Kenyatta]] joined the organization and became its secretary. Kenyatta left Kenya for London in 1929 to represent the KCA to the Colonial Office and he lived there until 1946, with the exception of a brief period in 1930.

At the end of the 1920s, KCA clashed with the churches over the issue of [[female genital mutilation]], which was a common Kikuyu practice at the time. This episode increased the support of the KCA among the Kikuyu people.<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 18-21.</ref> The government banned the KCA during World War II. "Out of its ashes, at the end of the war, emerged a new, broader-based nationalist party called the Kenya African Union. With a core of old KCA activists, plus members from other ethnic groups, who were mostly urban workers in Nairobi, the KAU made a promising start."<ref>David Anderson, ''Histories Of The Hanged: The Dirty War In Kenya And The End Of Empire'', p. 28.</ref>

==Resources and articles==
===Related Sourcewatch articles===
* [[The Adoption of Maize in Kenya]]
* [[Ethnic Groups of Kenya]]
* [[Traditional Food Plants of Kenya]]
* [[Mau Mau Rebellion]]

===References===
<references/>

=== External Resources ===

==== Books ====
* ''An Economic History of Kenya'', William Robert Ochieng' and Robert M. Maxon, eds, East African Publishers, 1992.
* S.M. Shamsul Alam, ''Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya''.
* Frederick Cooper, ''Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present''.
* Caroline Elkins, ''Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya'', Owl Books, 2005.

=== External Articles ===
* W. T. W. Morgan, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/1792632 The 'White Highlands' of Kenya]," The Geographical Journal, Vol. 129, No. 2 (Jun., 1963), pp. 140-155.

==== The Journal of African History ====
* Satish C. Saberwal, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180050 Historical Notes on the Embu of Central Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1967), pp. 29-38.
* Hal Brands, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4100831 Wartime Recruiting Practices, Martial Identity and Post-World War II Demobilization in Colonial Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 46, No. 1 (2005), pp. 103-125.
* Richard Waller, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/4100332 'Clean' and 'Dirty': Cattle Disease and Control Policy in Colonial Kenya, 1900-40]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 45, No. 1 (2004), pp. 45-80.
* W. O. Maloba, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3647197 Collaborator and/or Nationalist?]," Review of Koinange-wa-Mbiyu: Mau Mau's Misunderstood Leader by Jeff Koinange, The Journal of African History, Vol. 42, No. 3 (2001), pp. 527-529.
* Derek Peterson, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3647172 Wordy Women: Gender Trouble and the Oral Politics of the East African Revival in Northern Gikuyuland]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 42, No. 3 (2001), pp. 469-489.
* David M. Anderson, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/183477 Master and Servant in Colonial Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (2000), pp. 459-485.
* Jidlaph G. Kamoche, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/183235 The Peasants' Revolt]," Review of Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt by Wunyabari O. Maloba, The Journal of African History, Vol. 35, No. 2 (1994), pp. 329-330.
* John Lonsdale, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/182877 Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1990), pp. 393-421.
* Frederick Cooper, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/182387 Mau Mau and the Discourses of Decolonization]," Review of Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau by Tabitha Kanogo; Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau by David W. Throup, The Journal of African History, Vol. 29, No. 2 (1988), pp. 313-320.
* John Overton, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/181338 War and Economic Development Settlers in Kenya, 1914-1918]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1986), pp. 79-103.
* David Anderson and David Throup, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/181653 Africans and Agricultural Production in Colonial Kenya: The Myth of the War as a Watershed]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 26, No. 4, World War II and Africa (1985), pp. 327-345.
* Ian Spencer, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/182007 Settler Dominance, Agricultural Production and the Second World War in Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1980), pp. 497-514.
* John Lonsdale and Bruce Berman, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/181774 Coping with the Contradictions: The Development of the Colonial State in Kenya, 1895-1914]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 20, No. 4, White Presence and Power in Africa (1979), pp. 487-505.
* Peter Rogers, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/181517 The British and the Kikuyu 1890-1905: A Reassessment]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 20, No. 2 (1979), pp. 255-269.
* M. Tamarkin, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180942 Mau Mau in Nakuru]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1976), pp. 119-134.
* Diana Ellis, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180739 The Nandi Protest of 1923 in the Context of African Resistance to Colonial Rule in Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 17, No. 4 (1976), pp. 555-575.
* Frank Furedi, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180449 The African Crowd in Nairobi: Popular Movements and Élite Politics]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1973), pp. 275-290.
* M. Tamarkin, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180448 Tribal Associations, Tribal Solidarity, and Tribal Chauvinism in a Kenya Town]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1973), pp. 257-274.
* Jeffrey A. Fadiman, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180774 Early History of the Meru of Mt Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1973), pp. 9-27.
* Robert L. Tignor, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180856 The Maasai Warriors: Pattern Maintenance and Violence in Colonial Kenya]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 13, No. 2 (1972), pp. 271-290.
* G. H. Mungeam, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180220 Masai and Kikuyu Responses to the Establishment of British Administration in the East Africa Protectorate]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1970), pp. 127-143.
* William L. Lawren, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180145 Masai and Kikuyu: An Historical Analysis of Culture Transmission]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 9, No. 4 (1968), pp. 571-583.
* J. Forbes Munro, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/180049 Migrations of the Bantu-Speaking Peoples of the Eastern Kenya Highlands: A Reappraisal]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1967), pp. 25-28.
* Donald C. Savage and J. Forbes Munro, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/179957 Carrier Corps Recruitment in the British East Africa Protectorate 1914-1918]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1966), pp. 313-342.
* F. B. Welbourn, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/179600 Review: The Official History of Mau Mau: The Origins and Growth of Mau Mau: An Historical Survey]," The Journal of African History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1961), pp. 168-170.


[[category:Africa]][[category:Kenya]]